Abrego, N., & Ovaskainen, O. (2023). Evaluating the predictive performance of presence–absence models: Why can the same model appear excellent or poor? Ecology and Evolution, 13(12), e10784. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10784
Ahmed, Z. U., Sun, K., Shelly, M., & Mu, L. (2021). Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for exploring spatial variability of lung and bronchus cancer (LBC) mortality rates in the contiguous USA. Scientific reports, 11(1), 24090. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03198-8
Ahn, Y., Leyk, S., Uhl, J. H., & McShane, C. M. (2024). An integrated multi-source dataset for measuring settlement evolution in the United States from 1810 to 2020. Scientific data, 11(1), 275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03081-x
Alizadeh S., & Asghari-Zamani A. (2021). Investigation of Changes in Construction Density in Iranian Metropolitan Cities (Case Study: Zafaraniyeh Neighborhood, Tabriz Metropolis). Economic Geography Research, 2(5): 15–31. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.27173747.1400.3.2.2.3 [In Persian].
Angel, S., Lamson-Hall, P., & González-Blanco, Z. (2021). Anatomy of density: Measurable factors that constitute urban density. Buildings & Cities, 2(1), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.91 journal-buildingscities.org
Asghari Zamani A., & Alizadeh S. (2021). Investigating the Relationship between Decreasing Building Life and Increasing Regional Value in Tabriz Metropolis (Case Study of Zafaranieh Town). Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(4): 41-56. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.4.4.8 [In Persian].
Baqaei M., Ziyari Y., Zarabadi Z., Sadat S., & Majedi H. (2021). Evaluation and Explanation of a Sustainable Urban Design Model Based on a Density-Oriented Approach in Urban Fabric (Case Study: District 2 of Tehran). Geographical Studies (Regional Planning), 11(4): 261–285. https://www.jgeoqeshm.ir/article_136682.html [In Persian].
Bertaud, A. (2018). Order without design: How markets shape cities. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10671.001.0001
Bueno, M., Macera, B., & Montoya, N. (2023). A comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for national glacier mapping: Evaluating performance through spatial cross-validation in Perú. Water, 15(24), 4214. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.0862.v1
Cao, Q., Chen, J., Zhao, J., & Stouffs, R. (2025). From Heuristics to Data: Quantifying Site Planning Layout Indicators with Deep Learning and Multi-Modal Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.11723. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.11723
Cheshmehzangi, A., & Dawodu, A. (2021). Towards a sustainable energy planning strategy: The utilisation of floor area ratio for residential community planning and design in China. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 687895. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.687895
Christen, P., & Churches, T. (2005, April). A probabilistic deduplication, record linkage, and geocoding system. In Proceedings of the Australian Research Council Health Data Mining Workshop: Canberra, AU. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/70a4d632a60edbcec6e7cc787812e7e425995552
Cobbinah, P. B., & Finn, B. M. (2025). On Pedestrian Accessibility: Spatial Justice and Progressive Planning in African Cities. Journal of Planning Literature, 40(2), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122241240071
Dehqani H. (2019). Typology of 15 Urban Districts of Isfahan with Emphasis on Social Problems in Extremely Vulnerable Neighborhoods. Applied Sociology, 30(2): 117–136. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20085745.1398.30.2.8.2 [In Persian].
Edwards, S. E., Strauss, B., & Miranda, M. L. (2014). Geocoding large population‐level administrative datasets at highly resolved spatial scales. Transactions in GIS, 18(4), 586-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12052
Fainstein, S. S. (2014). The just city. International journal of urban Sciences, 18(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-011-9243-8
Fan, C., Yang, Y., & Mostafavi, A. (2021). Neural embeddings of urban big data reveal emergent structures in cities. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.12371. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.12371
Fauzi, C. (2020). Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Geografis Menggunakan YWDM Dalam Perencanaan Tata Ruang. J-SAKTI (Jurnal Sains Komputer dan Informatika), 4(2), 598-607. https://doi.org/10.30645/J-SAKTI.V4I2.252
Fotheringham, A. S., & Li, Z. (2023). Measuring the unmeasurable: models of geographical context. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 113(10), 2269-2286. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2023.2227690
Fotheringham, A. S., Oshan, T. M., & Li, Z. (2023). Multiscale geographically weighted regression: Theory and practice. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003435464
Gao, X., Asami, Y., & Katsumata, W. (2006). Evaluating land-use restrictions concerning the floor area ratio of lots. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 24(4), 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0531
Goldberg, D. W., Wilson, J. P., & Knoblock, C. A. (2007). From text to geographic coordinates: The current state of geocoding. URISA journal, 19(1), 33-46. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/26f64bcacac4a64693ffe76d2e894ae6bfc88e36
Ha, J., Lee, S., & Park, C. (2016). Temporal effects of environmental characteristics on urban air temperature: The influence of the sky view factor. Sustainability, 8(9), 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU8090895
Hassani K., & Taban M. (2022). The Importance of Building Density in Reducing Urban Air Pollution (Case Study: Arak City). Geography and Urban Space Development, 9(1): 93–108. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.25383531.1401.9.1.6.7 [In Persian].
Huang, Y., Li, S., Lin, J., Zheng, L., Zhuang, C., Guan, C., & Zhuang, Y. (2025). Nonlinear and threshold effects of urban building form on carbon emissions. Energy and Buildings, 329, 115243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115243
Isfahan Municipality, Statistical Yearbook of Isfahan City (2016). Deputy for Planning, Research, and Information Technology of Isfahan Municipality, Cultural and Recreational Organization of Isfahan Municipality. https://www.isfahan.ir/ [In Persian].
Isfahan Provincial Governor’s Office. (2012–2022). Statistical Yearbook of Isfahan Province. Isfahan: Office of Statistics and Information. https://ostan-es.ir/ [In Persian].
Jenks, M., & Burgess, R. (2000). Compact cities: Sustainable urban forms for developing countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203478622
Jiao, J., Rollo, J., & Fu, B. (2021). The hidden characteristics of land-use mix indices: An overview and validity analysis based on the land use in Melbourne, Australia. Sustainability, 13(4), 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041898
Jr, s., & Xm, z. (2013). A quantification analysis of suburban land use and construction intensity based on AFAR: A case of the land development around Zijingang campus, Zhejiang University. Lowland Technology International, 15(2), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.14247/LTI.15.2_56
Jung, S., & Yoon, S. (2021). Analysis of the effects of floor area ratio change in urban street canyons on microclimate and particulate matter. Energies, 14(3), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030714
Karn, P. L., & Park, J. (2022). Affordable housing for low-income households through floor area ratio incentive: the case of Manohara settlement in Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 14(1), 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2022.2103823
Lalehpour M., Esmaeilpour M., & Pahlevani F. (2021). Analysis of the Physical Development of Khorramabad City with Emphasis on Indicators of Inner-City Development. Journal of Human Settlement Planning Studies, 16(4): 919–934. http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_684070.html [In Persian].
Lam, C. J., Schram, R. J. C., & Vennemann, F. B. (2024). A walk across Europe: Development of a high-resolution walkability index. Preprint. (Arch. Pub. Data Sci.) arxiv.org
Li, L., Yang, X., & Qian, Y. (2018). CFD simulation analysis of the influence of floor area ratio on the wind environment in residential districts. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 11(5). 185-192. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.115.24
Li, Z., Jiao, L., Zhang, B., Xu, G., & Liu, J. (2021). Understanding the pattern and mechanism of spatial concentration of urban land use, population, and economic activities: A case study in Wuhan, China. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 24(4), 678-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2021.1978276
Liu, D., & Shi, Y. (2022). The influence mechanism of urban spatial structure on urban vitality based on geographic big data: A case study in downtown Shanghai. Buildings, 12(5), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050569
Liu, T. (2023). Explaining China’s housing vacancies: A theory based on the incentives of local government officials. Journal of Government and Economics, 10, 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2023.100077
Lu, Q., Ning, J., You, H., & Xu, L. (2023). Urban intensity in theory and practice: Empirical determining mechanism of floor area ratio and its deviation from the classic location theories in Beijing. Land, 12(2), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020423
Lu, Z., Zhang, H., Southworth, F., & Crittenden, J. (2016). Fractal dimensions of metropolitan area road networks and the impacts on the urban built environment. Ecological indicators, 70, 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.016
Ma, R., Li, X., & Chen, J. (2021). An elastic urban morpho-blocks (EUM) modeling method for urban building morphological analysis and feature clustering. Building and Environment, 192, 107646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107646
Mahoney, M. J., Johnson, L. K., Silge, J., Frick, H., Kuhn, M., & Beier, C. M. (2023). Assessing the performance of spatial cross-validation approaches for models of spatially structured data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.07334. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.07334
Mishra, U., Gautam, S., Riley, W. J., & Hoffman, F. M. (2020). An ensemble machine learning approach improves predicted spatial variation of surface soil organic carbon stocks in data-limited northern circumpolar regions. Frontiers in Big Data, 3, 528441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441
Mohammadpour-Chabaki H., & Hassanpour R. (2022). Analysis of the Consequences of Selling Surplus Building Density in District 2 of Tehran. Human Settlement Planning Studies, 18(17): 829–842. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25385968.1401.17.3.4.8 [In Persian].
Mokhtari L., Karimi-Nia Sh., & Kian-Arthi M. (2021). Typology of General Form and Relative Density of Residential Buildings in Tehran from the Perspective of Climatic Performance and Energy-Consumption Optimization. Naghsh-e-Jahan—Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 11(4): 60–78. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23224991.1400.11.4.5.4 [In Persian].
Neuman, M. (2005). The compact city fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 11–26.
Nikpour A., Mohammadiyari B., & Soleimani M. (2022). Spatial Modeling of Factors Influencing Building Density (Case Study: Hamedan City). Spatial Planning, 12(2): 27–46. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.22287485.1401.12.2.1.3 [In Persian].
Nouraei H., & Shamohammadi M. (2021). Exploring the Relationship between Housing Unit Density and Indoor Environmental Quality in Residential Complexes (Case Study: Sepahan Shahr, Isfahan). Soffeh, 31(1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.29252/soffeh.31.1.53 [In Persian].
Peng, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, T., & Li, X. (2021). The relationship between urban population density distribution and land use in Guangzhou, China: A spatial spillover perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(22), 12160. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/12160#
Pohjankukka, J., Pahikkala, T., Nevalainen, P., & Heikkonen, J. (2017). Estimating the prediction performance of spatial models via spatial k-fold cross-validation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 31(10), 2001-2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1346255
Reba, M., Reitsma, F., & Seto, K. C. (2016). Spatializing 6,000 years of global urbanization from 3700 BC to AD 2000. Scientific data, 3(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.34
Shatkin, G. (2017). Cities for profit: The real estate turn in Asia’s urban politics. Cornell University Press.
Shebek, N., & Mayer, V. (2025). Technologies of geoinformatic modelling for spatial objects. Urban Development and Spatial Planning. https://doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2025.89.286-301
Shi, Z., Fonseca, J. A., & Schlueter, A. (2021). Floor area density and land uses for efficient district cooling systems in high-density cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102601
Sonderman, J. S., Mumma, M. T., Cohen, S. S., Cope, E. L., Blot, W. J., & Signorello, L. B. (2012). A multi-stage approach to maximizing geocoding success in a large population-based cohort study through automated and interactive processes. Geospatial health, 6(2), 273. https://doi.org/10.4081/GH.2012.145
Song, C., Deng, Z., Zhao, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, M., Xu, S., & Chen, Y. (2024). Developing urban building energy models for Shanghai City with multi-source open data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 106, 105425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.035
Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). General Census of Population and Housing: Urban Areas Results of Isfahan Province. [In Persian].
Stock, A. (2025). Choosing blocks for spatial cross-validation: lessons from a marine remote sensing case study. Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 6, 1531097. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2025.1531097
Tao, Z., Cheng, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Hierarchical two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method: Measuring the spatial accessibility to hierarchical healthcare facilities in Shenzhen, China. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19, 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01280-7 equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Smart Location Database: Sample variables. https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/smart-location-mapping epa.gov
U.S. Geological Survey. (2024). Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-normalized-difference-vegetation-index usgs.gov
Wurm, M., Goebel, J., Wagner, G. G., Weigand, M., Dech, S., & Taubenböck, H. (2021). Inferring floor area ratio thresholds for the delineation of city centers based on cognitive perception. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(2), 265-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808319869341?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate
Yu, X. (2024). Low‐rise buildings in big cities: Theory and evidence from China. Real Estate Economics, 52(2), 366-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.12476
Zangeneh-Shahraki S., Hamidi A., & Ghorbani R. (2023). Analyzing the Impact of Sanctions on the Urban Housing Sector of Rentier Governments (Case Study: Iranian Cities). IUESA, 11(44): 199-225. http://iueam.ir/article-1-2072-fa.html [In Persian].
Zhang, R., Casanovas, M. M., González, M. B., & Sun, S. (2024). Revitalizing heritage: The role of urban morphology in creating public value in China’s historic districts. Land, 13(11), 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111919 mdpi.com
Zheng, S. (2023). FAR, BCR, and urban energy modeling in Jinan. Energy and Buildings, 285, 112951.