Abojaradeh, M., & Ababneh, M. (2022). Designing safer public spaces for women: An urban planning perspective from Jordan. Journal of Urban Management, 11(4), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2022.09.003. 
Akinola, A. O., & Wahab, B. (2021). Gendered trust and urban safety: Understanding women’s perceptions of safety in African cities. Journal of Urban Studies, 58(7), 1123–1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980231145788. 
Al-Nasrawi, S. (2019). Citizen engagement and smart city adoption: A conceptual framework. Smart City Journal, 5(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smart.2019.05.004.  
Beiranvandzadeh, M., & Abdali, Y. (2019). Investigating women’s perceived safety in urban spaces: Case study of Basat Park, District 16, Tehran Municipality. Journal of Geography and Human Relations, 11(3), 27–45. https://www.gahr.ir/article_92435.html. [In Persian]
Braak, P., Groenen, M., & Janssen, P. (2025). Social interaction, gender, and perceived safety in smart urban environments. Urban Analytics and City Science, 52(1), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2025.1024573 
Chang, C., Lin, H., & Chen, Y. (2022). Environmental design and fear of crime in urban parks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 80, 101748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101748. 
Chatterjee, S., & Kar, A. K. (2024). Women’s safety and smart city technologies: Exploring the role of digital literacy. Government Information Quarterly, 41(2), 102785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.102785. 
Cosgrave, E. (2024). Gender, safety, and public space governance: Rethinking inclusive smart cities. Urban Governance, 14(2), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.01.007. 
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008. 
Desai, P., Ahmed, S., & Rao, V. (2022). Feminist urbanism and the politics of safe space. Cities, 127, 103745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103745. 
Etemad, M., & Rahbari, R. (2021). Spatial analysis of incompatible land uses and fear of crime in central Tehran. Urban Studies Journal, 10(2), 53–72. https://usj.ut.ac.ir/article_84592.html. 
Fang, W., Zhang, J., & Li, C. (2023). Smart urban technologies and public safety perception: The mediating role of social engagement. Cities, 144, 104629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104629. 
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503631883. 
Habibi, M., Rahmani, S., & Alipour, M. (2024). Urban lighting design and women’s perceived safety in public spaces. Iranian Journal of Urban Studies, 12(1), 45–64. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/984732/fa.
Heshmati, M., & Haghighat, M. (2020). Assessing the security of urban spaces with emphasis on the principle of permeability (Case study: District 12 of Tehran). Defensive Researches and Management, 19(89), 129-154. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20086121.1399.19.89.6.5. [In Persian]
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772572.
Lindegaard, M., & Bernasco, W. (2021). Social interaction, situational awareness, and perceived safety in public spaces. Environment and Behavior, 53(8), 910–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520971780. 
Lotfi, S. & Momenpour Akerdi, M. (2025). The Effect of Security on the Willingness of Women to Use Urban Public Spaces (Case study: Behshahr City). Sustainable Development of Geographical Environment, 6(11), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.48308/sdge.2025.236238.1201 
Maalsen, S., Perng, S.-Y., & McLean, K. (2022). Technologies of urban safety: Gender, trust, and digital infrastructures. Urban Studies, 59(13), 2674–2691. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221102386. 
Macaya, J. F. M., Ben Dhaou, S., & Cunha, M. A. (2025). Women’s safety perception in the smart city: Does smartness make a difference? In Electronic Government (pp. 251–266). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01589-1_16. 
Momeni, K., Mohammadi, A., & Gheibi, A. (2024). Examining and evaluating women’s sense of security in urban neighborhoods (Case study: Shah Rokneddin and Valiabad neighborhoods of Dezful, Khuzestan). Abadi, 29(91), 37–53. http://journalabadi.ir/article-1-39-fa.html. [In Persian]
Momeni, S., Karimi, N., & Bahrami, F. (2024). Crime prevention through environmental design in Iranian cities: A gender perspective. Journal of Urban Design and Security, 10(2), 77–98. https://sid.ir/paper/991245/fa. [In Persian].
Moradpour, N., & Ziyari, K. (2022). Spatial-temporal analysis of theft crimes in District 12 of Tehran. Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 22(65), 103–117. https://sid.ir/paper/963410/fa  [In Persian]
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.2307/213042. 
Pain, R. (2019). Gendered fear: Young women’s safety and the city. Urban Geography, 40(6), 749–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1568363 
Pain, R. (2019). Gendered fear: Young women’s safety and the city. Urban Geography, 40(6), 749–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1568363
Pourahmad, A., & Maleki, S. (2017). Evaluation of women’s perceived safety in urban spaces: Case study of Narmak and Ekbatan neighborhoods in Tehran. Urban Studies Quarterly, 7(2), 1–16. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61234.html [In Persian]. 
Viswanath, K., & Basu, S. (2019). Crowdsourced data and urban safety: Evaluating participatory digital platforms. Safety Science, 120, 912–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.016
Walczak, J., Smith, K., & Lee, T. (2025). Smart surveillance and public trust: Gendered perceptions of urban safety. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 116, 103926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2025.103926.
Yang, L. (2024). Perceived usefulness of AI-enabled safety systems in urban environments. Smart Cities, 7(4), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040026. 
Yaran, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2019). The impact of physical-environmental components on women’s safety perception in open urban spaces. Manzar Journal, 11(46), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2019.187595.2056. [In Persian]
Zeynali Azim, A. (2024). Evaluation of Effective Factors in Ensuring Women’s Security by Designing Urban Spaces in the Informal Settlement of Khalil Abad, Tabriz. Interdisciplinary Studies of Iranian Architecture, 3(5), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.22133/isia.2024.474558.1090. [In Persian]. 
Zeynali Azim, A. Basiri, M. Zarbakhsh, F. and Mostafazadeh Bazargan, A. (2025). Analyzing Physical Factors Enhancing Women’s Sustainable Safety in Public Urban Spaces of Informal Settlements: The Case of the Harandi Neighborhood. (e231860). Strategic Studies Quarterly, 28(2), e231860 https://doi.org/10.22034/ssq.2025.536588.4294, [In Persian].