Abedini, M., & Saket Hasanaloui, S. (2021). Urban third places: the scene of creating social and recreational hangouts. Danesh-e Shahrsazi, 5(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.22124/upk.2020.16926.1505 [In Persian]
Amir, S., Azizan, A., Zahari, R. K., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2020). Urban public space as a social interaction space: Case study in Petaling Street. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 5(19), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.35631/JTHEM.519007
Beavis, C., Nixon, H., & Atkinson, S. (2005). LAN cafés: cafés, places of gathering or sites of informal teaching and learning? Education, Communication & Information, 5(1), 41–60 https://doi.org/10.1080/14636310500061292 
Brody, J., Gregg, K., & Hess, P. (2025). COVID street cafés: Assessing policy windows in five North American cities. Journal of the American Planning Association, 91(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2024.2369199
Coeterier, J. F. (1994). Liveliness in town centers. In The Urban Experience: A People–Environment Perspective (pp. 297–311). Springer. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=X2SQAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA297
Dibazar, F., Toofan, S., Jamali, J., & Valizadeh, N. (2021). The effect of general characteristics of third places on social interactions (Case Study: Cafes of Tabriz). Motaleate Shahri, 10(39), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2021.806 [In Persian]
Fan, Z., Su, T., Sun, M., Noyman, A., Zhang, F., Pentland, A. S., & Moro, E. (2023). Diversity beyond density: Experienced social mixing of urban streets. PNAS Nexus, 2(4), pgad077. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad077
Farash Khiabani, M., Shahabian, P., & Pouyan, P. (2019). Learning from cafés: Cafés as “other spaces”. Motaleate Shahri, 8(30), 109–121. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61059.html [In Persian]
Fenster, T. (2005). Gender and the city: The different formations of belonging. In A Companion to Feminist Geography (pp. 242–256). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996898
Fattahi, M. (2019). Application and utilization of modernization approach in the interior design of “Lori” café-restaurant in Tbilisi, Georgia. Nokhbegan Olum va Mohandesi, 4(1), 145–160. https://sid.ir/paper/263945/fa [In Persian]
Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space (6th ed.). Oxford: Island Press.
Ghafarinasab, E., Mohammadtaghi Nejad Esfahani, & Rana. (2021). Space consumption and redefinition of femininity: Women’s café experience in Shiraz. Applied Sociology, 32(2), 49–70. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2020.124438.1964 [In Persian]
Hemmati, G., Ghobadi, & Hemmati. (2020). Ethnographic study of café culture in Semie Street cafés, Tehran. Iranian Journal of Anthropology, 10(1), 135–159. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijar.2021.292531.459567 [In Persian]
Hataminejad, H., Yadollahnia, H., & Mohammadisalmani, M. (2018). Analysis of the role of public spaces in urban vitality (case study: Tehran Laleh Park). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.26453851.1397.1.3.26.1 [In Persian]
Hummon, D. M. (1991). The Great Good Place [Book review]. Social Forces, 69(3), 931. https://search.proquest.com/openview/090d34ec06f1293f4a85ba8f9f02e9ed/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816368
Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
Jones, H., Neal, S., Mohan, G., Connell, K., Cochrane, A., & Bennett, K. (2015). Urban Multiculture and Everyday Encounters in Semi-Public, Franchised Cafe Spaces. The Sociological Review, 63(3), 644–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12311
Kitchen, P., Williams, A. M., & Gallina, M. (2015). Sense of belonging to local community in small-to-medium sized Canadian urban areas: A comparison of immigrant and Canadian-born residents. BMC Psychology, 3(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0085-0
Korkmaz, E. (2024, June). Parklets as public space. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 885–891). https://doi.org/10.38027/ICCAUA2024TR0005
Liu, S., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2022). Contrasting Migrants’ Sense of Belonging to the City in Selected Peri-Urban Neighborhoods in Beijing. Cities, 120, 103499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103499
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Moloudi, J. (2009). Assessment of Urban Environment Quality in New Cities: A Case Study of Hashtgerd New Town. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, & Farahbakhsh Daghigh. (2023). Analysis of café user habits in University Boulevard, Zahedan. Urban Geography and Planning Studies, 11(3), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2023.359858.1825 [In Persian]
Mohammadi Salek, Asgari, & Fathi. (2021). Feasibility study of the “Third Place” concept by Oldenburg in café interior design. Modern Architecture Research, 1(1), e725579. https://arch.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_725579.html [In Persian]
Montgomery, J. (1997). Café culture and the city: The role of pavement cafés in urban public social life. Journal of Urban Design, 2(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809708724397
Mortaz Hejri, H. & Modiri, A. (2019). Evaluation of Third Place Functions of Cafes for the Youth in Enghelab and Valiasr Street. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 11(22), 37-52. DOI:10.30480/aup.2019.688  
Netto, V. M., Meirelles, J., & Ribeiro, F. L. (2017). Social interaction and the city: The effect of space on the reduction of entropy. Complexity, 2017(1), 6182503.
Noaime, E., Alalouch, C., Mesloub, A., Hamdoun, H., Gnaba, H., & Alnaim, M. M. (2025). Sustainable cities and urban dynamics: The role of the café culture in transforming the public realm. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 16(3), 103320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2025.103320
Oldenburg, R. (1999). The Great Good Place. New York: Marlowe & Company.
Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place: Cafés, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. New York: Marlowe & Company.
Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. Da Capo Press.
Oldenburg, R. (2013). “The Problem of Place in America”: from The Great Good Place (1989). In The Urban Design Reader (pp. 285–295). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203094235-30/problem-place-america-ray-oldenburg
Paay, J., & Kjeldskov, J. (2008). Understanding situated social interactions: A case study of public places in the city. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 17(2), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-007-9072-1
Pereira, M. F., Santana, P., & Vale, D. S. (2024). The impact of urban design on utilitarian and leisure walking: The relative influence of street network connectivity and streetscape features. Urban Science, 8(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020024
Rahmani, H., & Rafiepour, H. (2022). Café as a peace-oriented place: Rethinking the semantic system of cafés. Applied Sociology, 33(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2022.131223.2209 [In Persian]
Rhoads, D., Solé-Ribalta, A., González, M. C., & Borge-Holthoefer, J. (2020). Planning for sustainable open streets in pandemic cities. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2009.12548
Rosenbaum, M. S. (2006). Exploring the social supportive role of third places in consumers’ lives. Journal of Service Research, 9(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506289530
Salari Pour, A., & Beheshtizadeh, Z. (2024). Investigating the impact of third places on urban vitality: Case study of Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian street, Isfahan. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1503366/fa [In Persian]
Saphan, L., Pipitone, J. M., Perez-Garcia, E., Vieira, A., & Francisco, R. (2022). Outdoor dining and the transformation of public space in New York City. Streetnotes, 29. https://doi.org/10.5070/S529059361
Sohrabi, N., & Sajadzadeh, H. (2023). Assessing and evaluating the role of parklets in increasing the vitality of urban boulevards. Journal of Geography and Planning, 27(83), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2023.14663 [In Persian]
Sop, S. A., & Kervankıran, İ. (2023). How does place attachment affect word-of-mouth?: Evidence from a street with emerging cafes. Journal of Leisure Research, 54(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2022.2096421
Takmil, A., & Aminzadeh, B. (2024). Explaining the cultural identity dimensions of public spaces based on the principles of citizen-centered urban planning: A case study of the historical fabric of District 12, Tehran. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1590964/en [In Persian]
Takmil, A., & Ghane, M. (2024). Assessing physical-land use and social indicators in nightlife and urban space vitality with a sustainable development approach (Case Study: Nasar Historical District, Semnan). Iranian Urban Design Studies, 1(1), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.22099/udsi.2024.51529.1006 [In Persian]
Wang, J., Long, R., Chen, H., & Li, Q. (2019). Measuring the psychological security of urban residents: Construction and validation of a new scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02423
Waxman, L. (2006). The Coffee Shop: Social and Physical Factors Influencing Place Attachment. Journal of Interior Design, 31(3), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1668.2006.tb00530.x
Wheeler, J. O. (1971). Social interaction and urban space. Journal of Geography, 70(4), 200–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221347108981620
Zinchenko, Y. P., & contributed to the diversification of E. B. (2013). A secure city: Social-psychological aspects. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.533
Zotova, O., & Tarasova, L. (2024). Psychological security of urban dwellers and the subject–spatial environment of the city. Urban Science, 8(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030119
Zotova, O., & Tarasova, L. (2025). Psychological security of urbanites residing in different types of housing. Urban Science, 9(9), 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090369.