تبیین روند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران؛ ارائۀ یک نظریۀ زمینه‌ای

آهنی, سمیه; داداش‌پور, هاشم

doi:10.22034/uep.2024.487217.1551

تبیین روند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران؛ ارائۀ یک نظریۀ زمینه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

سمیه آهنی ¹

هاشم داداش‌پور ²

¹ استادیار دانشکدۀ شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

² استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

10.22034/uep.2024.487217.1551

چکیده

مقدمه
پیراشهرنشینی نوعی پدیدۀ فضایی است که طی دو دهۀ اخیر، در سرتاسر جهان به طرز فزاینده‌ای، در رأس مطالعات توسعه و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای قرار گرفته است. کلیت این پدیده، در یک منطقۀ کلان‌شهریِ به‌سرعت در حال رشد قابل ‌تصور است؛ اما مسئلۀ اصلی این است که در این کلیت مفروض، جایگاه منطقۀ پیراشهری کجاست و آیا می‌توان آن را شهر یا حومه، روستایی یا شهری دانست (Sahana et al.,2024).
می‌توان گفت که فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری در سرتاسر جهان، متأثر از جریان‌های حرکتی مردم، در یک روند گرایش به شهر یا گریز از شهر قابل تبیین است:
- گرایش به شهر، روندی است که گروه‌های مختلف مردم را به سمت هستۀ مرکزی جذب می‌کند. افراد تصمیم به مهاجرت می‌گیرند؛ زیرا در یک دورۀ بلندمدت، جذب جاذبه‌های ملموس و مورد انتظار شهر شده‌اند که به آن‌ها وعدۀ فرصت‌های بهتر اقتصادی در مقایسه با بیرون شهر می‌دهد. مهاجران در سال‌های اولیۀ مهاجرت خود، قادر به جذب در بازار زمین کلان‌شهری نیستند و لذا در محیط‌های پیرامونی مراکز کلان‌شهری سکونت می‌گزینند. همین امر سبب توسعه در ورای مرزهای ناحیۀ شهری و ایجاد قلمروهای فضایی پیرامونی کلان‌شهرها شده که عمدتاً در پیوند با کلان‌شهر مرکزی است.
- گریز از شهر، نیز روندی است که طی آن افراد از مراکز شهری به سمت بیرون و حاشیه‌های شهر نقل‌مکان می‌کنند. این امر می‌تواند با افزایش واقعی درآمد و تغییرات فراشهری حمل‌ونقل طی زمان و در واکنش به مشکلات اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی بخش مرکزی شهرها و خروج از آن‌ها رخ دهد.
ضرورت چنین نگرشی در ایران با رشد سریع شهرنشینی طی سال‌های اخیر، بیشتر احساس می‌شود؛ این در حالی است که طی بیش از یک دهۀ گذشته، مناطق پیراشهری عمدتاً در لوای منطقۀ کلان‌شهری تهران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند و به طرز مشخصی، تعریف و تدقیق نشده‌اند. بر همین‌اساس، هدف اصلی پژوهش، تبیین سیستماتیک فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران است. بدیهی است پاسخ دقیق به سؤال یادشده بر مبنای مرور ادبیات علمی و نظریۀ زمینه‌ای، می‌تواند رویکرد جدیدی برای فهم عمیق این مناطق در ایران تلقی شود.
مواد و روش‌ها
فرایند روش‌شناسی پژوهش در سه مرحلۀ تعیین، تحلیل و تدقیق پی گرفته شده است. در مرحلۀ اول (تعیین)، بر مبنای استخراج داده‌های اولیه و گزاره‌های خام، به جست‌وجوی طیف وسیعی از منابع مرتبط با مناطق پیراشهری تهران پرداخته شد. این امر با استفاده از کلیدواژه‌های مهم مرتبط با موضوع پی گرفته شد. در گام اول، 140 منبع مرتبط در قالب مقاله‌های علمی معتبر، گزارش‌های علمی، خلاصۀ کتاب‌ها، پایان‌نامه‌ها و مقالات کنفرانسی مستخرج شدند. در گام دوم، به لحاظ بررسی جامع، یک بازۀ زمانی 30ساله، (‌1994 ـ 2002)، (‌2003 ـ 2011)، (2012 ـ 2024)، اساس ساختار مطالعه قرار گرفت. بر همین‌اساس، تعداد 102 منبع در این بازۀ زمانی از تعداد 140 منبع کل، حاصل شد. در گام سوم نیز متن منابع منتخب از لحاظ پرداخت به فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران، به‌دقت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت تا منابع مرتبط با هدف استخراج شود. لذا 85 منبع برای بررسی نهایی به ‌عنوان جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش انتخاب شدند.
در مرحلۀ دوم (تحلیل)، به استخراج اطلاعات، دسته‌بندی و کدگذاری پرداخته شد. در اولین گام، کدگذاری باز پی گرفته شد و متن منابع منتخب به ‌صورت دقیق و جزئی، سطربه‌سطر، بررسی، مفهوم‌سازی و دسته‌بندی شد. سپس، بر اساس شباهت‌ها، ارتباطات مفهومی و ویژگی‌های مشترک میان شناسه‌های باز، مقوله‌های اولیه تعیین شدند. در دومین گام، کدگذاری محوری انجام شد. در این مرحله، داده‌ها به صورت مداوم با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند تا ارتباط بین مقوله‌های اولیه شناسایی شود. این گام درنهایت به تولید و استخراج 25 مقولۀ سطح دوم و 10 خوشۀ مقوله‌ای (پدیدۀ هسته‌ای) انجامید. سومین گام نیز کدگذاری انتخابی است که در آن به فرایند یکپارچه‌سازی و بهبود مقوله‌ها پرداخته شد و درنهایت مقولۀ مرکزی انتخاب شد.
در مرحلۀ سوم (تدقیق)، نظریۀ حاصل از کدگذاری انتخابی، به ‌صورت یک عبارت روایی و توضیحی برای فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی منطقۀ پیراشهری تهران، ارائه شد.
یافته‌ها
تبیین فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران در قالب روش‌شناسی پژوهش، در شناخت زمینه‌های شکل‌گیری پیراشهرنشینی تهران، علت‌های این پدیدۀ فضایی، مداخله‌گر‌های مؤثر در این روند، راهبردها (کنش‌ها و تعاملات) و پیامدهای به‌دست‌آمده، مورد بررسی و واکاوی قرار گرفت.
- شرایط زمینه‌ای
شرایط زمینه‌ای در فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران در دو دسته خلاصه می‌شوند. مورد اول، تمرکزگرایی و قطب محوری همه‌شمول تهران متأثر از عوامل اقتضایی محلی نظیر فقدان زیرساخت‌های محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و صرفه‌های ناشی از تجمع و نیروهای محرک جهانی نظیر گسترش سرمایه‌داری جهانی است. مورد دوم، نظام اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی وابسته به نفت متأثر از اقتصاد و جامعه‌رانتی است که با نقش و قدرت دولت، درآمدهای ملی و منطقه‌ای و واردات کالا/ صادرات نفت، برجسته می‌شود.
- شرایط علّی
شرایط علّی در فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران می‌توانند در سه دسته خلاصه شوند. مورد اول، علل تغییرمحور است که با تغییرات جمعیتی و تغییرات قیمت زمین به شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران می‌انجامد. این امر، به طرز گسترده‌ای با رشد طبیعی جمعیت، مهاجرت‌های گسترده به تهران، قیمت پایین زمین در پیرامون تهران و سوداگری زمین مرتبط است. مورد دوم، علل توسعه‌محور است که از پیشرفت‌های ارتباطی سریع نظیر گسترش زیرساخت‌های حمل‌ونقل، مسیرهای ارتباطی متعدد، دسترسی به خدمات و امکانات کلان‌شهر و فاصلۀ نزدیک با کلان‌شهر، منبعث می‌شود. مورد سوم نیز علل قانون‌محور است که با ناکارآمدی قوانین مرتبط با زمین نظیر ناکارآمدی سیاست‌های زمین شهری و قوانین منطقه‌بندی، نادیده گرفتن گروه‌های کم‌درآمد و قوانین بالفعل نظیر ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی مرتبط است.
- شرایط میانجی (مداخله‌گر)
شرایط میانجی در فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران در دو دسته می‌تواند خلاصه شود. مورد اول، تفرق سیاسی ـ عملکردی است که از تعدد و تکثر نهادهای برنامه‌ریزی، اجرایی و دستور کارهای موازی و ناهماهنگ، متأثر می‌شود. مورد دوم، تفرق فضایی منبعث از پراکنده‌رویی است که با رویکردهای کنترل رشد تهران و برنامه‌ریزی و سیاست‌گذاری بخشی، مرتبط است.
- راهبردها (کنش‌ها و تعاملات)
راهبردها در فرایند شکل‌گیری، گسترش و روابط فضایی مناطق پیراشهری تهران در دو دسته می‌توانند خلاصه شوند. مورد اول، بازخورد تهاجمی ـ تدافعی در قالب جدایی‌گزینی اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی، مورفولوژی پراکنده، اقتصاد خاکستری و ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی است. مورد دوم نیز فضای هدف گسسته است که تداخلات گسترده و تعارض‌های منافع را نشان می‌دهد.
- نتایج و پیامدها
نتایج و پیامدهای حاصل از فرایند پیراشهرنشینی تهران به دو صورت متجلی می‌شوند. مورد اول، تعارض‌های محتوایی در مناطق پیراشهری تهران است که در ارتباط با بخش‌ها و اهداف موضوعی مانند اغتشاشات کالبدی ـ فضایی، اغتشاشات اجتماعی، اغتشاشات اقتصادی و اغتشاشات زیست‌محیطی تعریف می‌شوند. مورد دوم، تعارض‌های رویه‌ای فراروی این مناطق است که تعارض‌های نظام تصمیم‌گیری، برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریتی را در بر می‌گیرد.
نتیجه‌گیری
در یک تعریف کلی، می‌توان نواحی سکونتی ـ فعالیتی پراکنده در حد فاصل منطقۀ ساخته‌شدۀ کلان‌شهر تا سایۀ شهری تهران را تحت عنوان منطقۀ پیراشهری تهران توصیف کرد که در قالب یک ساختار پراکنده در اطراف کلان‌شهر تهران، رشد می‌کند و گسترش می‌یابد. این منطقه تحت تسلط کلان‌شهر تهران بوده و روابط فضایی خود را به ‌صورت رسمی و غیررسمی با آن حفظ کرده‌ است. آمیزه‌ای از فعالیت‌های کشاورزی، صنعتی، تجاری و مسکونی، چهرۀ غالب آن‌ را تداعی می‌کند که به طرز گسترده‌ای از مهاجرت اقتصادی و سبک زندگی مرتبط با آن، متأثر می‌شوند. به لحاظ ریخت‌شناسی، گستره‌ای از گونه‌های مختلف پیراشهری در این ساختار فضایی به چشم می‌خورد که می‌توان با مد نظر قرار دادن نوعی نظم در بی‌نظمی، سه گونه پیراشهر باریکه‌ای ـ خطی، پیراشهر نقطه‌ای پراکنده و پیراشهر خوشه‌ای مجزا را در آن شناسایی کرد.
- پیراشهر باریکه‌ای ـ ‌خطی، مناطق گذار شهری ـ ‌روستایی در قالب گستره‌های ناهمگن سکونتی یا فعالیتی هستند که در امتداد جاده‌های اصلی از کلان‌شهر تهران به مناطق پیرامونی واقع‌ شده‌اند.
- پیراشهر نقطه‌ای، لکه‌های سکونتی پراکنده‌ای هستند که با هدف تقاضا و عرضۀ مسکن، در پیرامون کلان‌شهر تهران بدون پیروی از اصول و قواعد به‌خصوص، گسترده شده‌اند و به ‌صورت قارچ‌گونه گسترش می‌یابند.
- پیراشهر‌های خوشه‌ای مجزا، مجموعه‌های سکونتی و فعالیتی مجزا با پیشینۀ شهری یا روستایی را در بر می‌گیرند که شخصیت و عملکرد آن‌ها عمدتاً با نیازها و خواسته‌های کلان‌شهر تهران شکل می‌گیرد و به لحاظ فضایی و عملکردی با منطقۀ کلان‌شهری تهران و پس‌کرانه‌های روستایی مرتبط‌اند.
این مناطق، به لحاظ عملکردی، قابل ‌تفکیک در سه دستۀ پیراشهر مولد، پیراشهر نیمه‌مولد و پیراشهر خوابگاهی هستند.
- پیراشهرهای مولد، عملکردی مستقل و مولد دارند.
- پیراشهرهای نیمه‌مولد، در برخی موارد به‌ عنوان کانون‌های اقتصادی پیرامون کلان‌شهر تهران عمل می‌کنند.
- پیراشهرهای خوابگاهی نیز سکونتگاه نیروی کار کلان‌شهر تهران هستند و ساختار عملکردی آن‌ها به‌شدت متأثر از کلان‌شهر تهران است.
به لحاظ ساختار نهادی نیز می‌توان آن‌ها را قابل‌تفکیک در دو دستۀ سیستم نهادی مستقل و سیستم نهادی متفرق دانست.
- سیستم نهادی مستقل در برخی از پیراشهرهای خوشه‌ای مجزا با پیشینۀ شهری وجود دارد که با رویه‌های تصمیم‌گیری، برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریتی مستقل شهری به دنبال یک چهارچوب هماهنگ با کلان‌شهر تهران در راستای توسعۀ شهری ساخت‌یافته و برنامه‌ریزی‌شده، جلوگیری از پراکنده‌رویی شهری، احتکار، بورس‌بازی زمین و مواردی از این قبیل در محدودۀ قانونی خود است.
- سیستم نهادی متفرق با قوانین و نهادهای شهری و همچنین، روستایی رو‌به‌رو هستند که یک پلورالیسم حقوقی را برای سیستم نهادی آن‌ها به وجود آورده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پراکنده‌رویی

پیراشهرنشینی

روابط فضایی

ساختار فضایی

منطقۀ کلان‌شهری تهران

نواحی پیراشهری

20.1001.1.28212118.1403.5.4.2.0

موضوعات

برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

عنوان مقاله English

Explaining the Process of Formation, Expansion, and Spatial Relations of Tehran’s Peri-Urban Areas: A Grounded Theory

نویسندگان English

Somayeh Ahani ¹

Hashem Dadashpoor ²

¹ Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction
Peri-urbanization is a spatial phenomenon that has been increasingly at the apex of urban and regional studies over the last two decades, and its various dimensions have been analyzed at a broader level. The totality of this phenomenon is conceivable in a rapidly growing metropolitan region. Still, the key question is, in this assumed totality, where is the place of the peri-urban area? (Sahana et al.,2024).
The process of formation, expansion, and spatial relations of peri-urban areas around the world, influenced by the population flows, can be explained by a trend towards a tendency to or escape from the city:
- The tendency to the city is a process that attracts different groups of people to the central core. People choose to emigrate because they have been attracted to the tangible and expected attractions of the city over the long run, which promises them better economic opportunities. The migration destination is essentially from the rural to urban areas, and the immigrants are mainly poor people from rural areas or temporary immigrant residents (including young and educated people) who are looking for work. In the early years of their migration, immigrants are not able to enter the metropolitan land market and, therefore, settle in the periphery of metropolitan centers. This led to the development beyond the metropolises’ boundaries and the creation of peripheral spatial territories around them, which are mainly related to the central metropolis.
- Escape from the city is a process in which people move to the outskirts. This can be attributed to the real increase in income and peri-urban transportation changes over time and in response to the socio-economic problems in the central part of the cities.
The need for such an attitude in Iran has been increasingly felt in recent years, with the rapid growth of urbanization, while, over the past decade, Tehran’s peri-urban areas have been mainly studied under the umbrella of the Tehran metropolitan area and have not been specifically defined or specified. Accordingly, the main goal of the research is to systematically explain the process of formation, expansion, and spatial relationships of Tehran’s peri-urban areas. An accurate answer to the above question, based on a review of scientific literature and the grounded theory approach, could be a new approach for a deeper understanding of these areas in developing countries such as Iran.
Materials and Methods
The research methodology process has been followed in three stages: determination, analysis, and scrutinizing. In the first stage, based on the extraction of primary data and raw statements, a wide range of sources related to the peri-urban areas of Tehran were searched. This was followed by using important keywords related to the subject. In the first step, 140 related sources were extracted in the form of reputable scientific articles, scientific reports, book summaries, theses, and conference papers. In the second step, in terms of comprehensive review, a 30-year period (1994-2002),‌(2003-2011),‌(2012-2024)‌ was the basis of the study structure. Accordingly, 102 sources in this period were obtained from a total of 140 sources. In the third step, the text of the selected sources was carefully examined in terms of addressing the process of formation, expansion, and spatial relations of the peri-urban areas of Tehran in order to extract sources related to the objective. Therefore, 85 sources were selected for the final study as the statistical population of this study.
In the second stage, were carried out information extraction, classification, and coding.
In the first step, open coding was followed, and the text of the selected sources was examined, conceptualized, and categorized in detail, line by line. Then, based on similarities, conceptual connections, and common features between the open identifiers, initial categories were determined. In the second step, axial coding was carried out. In this step, the data were continuously compared with each other to identify the relationship between the initial categories. This step ultimately led to the production and extraction of 25 second-level categories and 10 category clusters (core phenomena). The third step is selective coding, in which the process of integrating and improving the categories was addressed, and finally, the central category was selected.
In the third stage, the theory resulting from selective coding was presented as a narrative and explanatory statement for the process of formation, expansion, and spatial relations of the peri-urban area of Tehran.
Findings
Explaining the process of formation, expansion, and spatial relationships of Tehran’s peri-urban areas requires understanding the contexts of peri-urbanization in Tehran, as well as the causes, effective interventions, strategies, and consequences of this spatial phenomenon.
• Contextual condition
The contextual conditions can be summarized into two categories: 1) the first is the centralization and inclusive polarity of Tehran, which is influenced by local contingent factors such as the lack of environmental, social, economic, and physical infrastructures, as well as economies of agglomeration and global driving forces such as an expansion of global capitalism and global economy policies; 2) the second is the oil-dependent socio-economic system affected by the rentier economy and society, which is highlighted by the role and power of the state, national and regional revenues, and import/export of oil.
• Causal condition
The causal conditions can be summarized into three groups:
1) The first is change-oriented causes that, with demographic and land price changes, lead to the growth, development, and spatial relations of Tehran’s peri-urban areas. This is largely linked to natural population growth, widespread migrations, low land prices in the peripheral territories, and land speculation.
2) The second is development-driven causes stemming from rapid communication advancements such as the expansion of transportation infrastructures, multiple communication routes, access to the metropolis’s services/facilities, and close distance to the metropolis.
3) The third case is law-based causes, which are related to the inefficiency of land-related regulations, such as the inefficient urban land policies and zoning rules, the neglect of low-income groups, and the actual rules, such as environmental considerations.
• Intervening Conditions
The intervening conditions can be summarized into two groups:
1. Political-functional fragmentation that is affected by the multiplicity of parallel uncoordinated planning and executive institutions.
2. Sprawl-driven spatial fragmentations are associated with Tehran’s growth control and sectoral planning and policy-making approaches.
• Strategies (actions and interactions)
The strategies can be summarized into two categories:
1) The first case is offensive-defensive feedback in the form of socio-economic segregation, dispersed morphology, grey economy, and environmental considerations.
2) The second case is a discrete target space that shows widespread interferences and conflicts of interest.
• Outcomes and Consequences
The outcomes and consequences of this process are manifested in two forms:
1). substantive conflicts in Tehran peri-urban areas that are defined in terms of subject areas and goals such as physical-spatial, social, economic, and environmental disorders.
2) Procedural conflicts that cover the conflicts in decision-making, planning, and management systems.
Conclusion
Conclusion
In a general definition, the scattered residential activity areas between the built-up area of the metropolis and the urban shadow of Tehran can be described as the peri-urban area of Tehran, which grows and expands in the form of a scattered structure around the metropolis of Tehran. This area is dominated by the metropolis of Tehran and has maintained its spatial relations with it in a formal and informal manner. A mixture of agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential activities evokes its dominant face, which is widely affected by economic migration and the lifestyle associated with it.
Morphologically, there is a range of different types of peri-urban areas in this spatial structure that can be classified into three main types of: narrow-linear, scattered spots, and distinct separate peri-urban areas.
• Linear peri-urban areas are the urban-rural transition zones, in the form of the heterogeneous residential and activity areas, located along the main roads from the Tehran metropolis to the peripheral areas.
• Scattered spot peri-urban areas are scattered residential spots that spread around Tehran’s metropolis without following any specific rule aimed at the demand and supply of housing.
• Separate clustered peri-urban areas include distinct residential and activity settlements with urban or rural backgrounds whose personality and function are mainly shaped by the needs and demands of the Tehran metropolis and are spatially and functionally linked with the Tehran metropolis and the rural hinterlands.
Functionally, these areas can be divided into three categories: productive, semi-productive, and dormitory peri-urban areas.
• Productive peri-urban areas have an independent and productive function.
• Semi-productive peri-urban areas, in some cases, act as economic nodes around the Tehran metropolis.
• Dormitory peri-urban areas are the dormitory of the Tehran metropolis’s workforce, and its functional structure is heavily influenced by the metropolis.
In terms of institutional structure, these areas can also be divided into two independent and fragmented institutional systems.
• The independent institutional system exists in some separate clustered peri-urban areas with an urban background that, with independent urban decision-making, planning, and management procedures, seek a framework consistent with Tehran metropolis for the structured and planned urban development and prevention of urban sprawl, land hoarding/speculation, etc. within its legal territory.
• The fragmented institutional system is faced with urban and rural regulations and institutions that have created a legal pluralism for their institutional system.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Peri-Urbanization

Peri-Urban Areas

Spatial Relations

Spatial Structure

Sprawl

Tehran Metropolitan Area

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