Urban prosperity, as a holistic approach, serves as a fundamental tool for assessing sustainability, distributive justice, and enhancing the quality of life in urban settlements. This study aims to analyze the spatial patterns of urban prosperity indicators and elucidate the effective drivers influencing them across the three districts of Gorgan city. In terms of objective, this research is applied, and methodologically, it adopts a descriptive-analytical approach combined with a field survey. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 59 indicators structured within 11 criteria and 5 core components. The statistical population consisted of citizens and urban experts, from whom a sample of 413 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling based on Cochran’s formula. The data were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation tests and multiple linear regression. The findings of the spatial analysis indicate an unequal clustered distribution pattern across Gorgan’s districts (Moran’s I = 0.41, Z-score = 3.21, p < 0.001). Specifically, District 1 is situated in the high-high cluster zone, while District 3 is located in the low-low cluster zone, demonstrating a severe spatial polarization. Furthermore, the multiple regression results reveal that “infrastructure development” (beta = 0.42) and “urban governance” (beta = 0.31) are the strongest drivers explaining urban prosperity in the study area. Consequently, the equitable redistribution of infrastructural resources and the decentralization of urban management, with a priority given to District 3, will serve as a fundamental strategy to mitigate spatial disparities in Gorgan.