Aflaki, A., Mirnezhad, M., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Omrany, H., Wang, Z. H., & Akbari, H. (2017). Urban heat island mitigation strategies: A state-of-the-art review on Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Cities, 62, 131-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.003
Akintola, M., & Neziri, G. (2025). An open-source deep learning framework for scalable urban heat island detection using geospatial data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 48, 11-16. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W13-2025-11-2025 
Arnfield, A. J. (2003). Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 23(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859
Badri Asl S., Pourmohammadi M. R., & Roustaei S. (2024). A comparative study of the relationship between physical indicators of residential areas and the distribution of urban heat islands in Tabriz. Urban Planning Knowledge, 8(2): 97–113. https://doi.org/10.22124/upk.2023.23422.1822 [In Persian]
Chapman, S., Watson, J. E., Salazar, A., Thatcher, M., & McAlpine, C. A. (2017). The impact of urbanization and climate change on urban temperatures: A systematic review. Landscape Ecology, 32(10), 1921-1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0561-4
Deilami, K., Kamruzzaman, M., & Liu, Y. (2018). Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 67, 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.12.009
Du, H., Zhan, W., Voogt, J., Bechtel, B., Chakraborty, T. C., Liu, Z., ... & Miao, S. (2023). Contrasting trends and drivers of global surface and canopy urban heat islands. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(15), e2023GL104661. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104661
Fadaei H. (2021). Investigation of Tehran’s urban heat islands using satellite imagery. Geographical Information Scientific-Research Quarterly, 29(116): 119–130. https://doi.org/10.22131/sepehr.2021.242864 [In Persian]
Gartland, L. (2008). Heat islands: Understanding and mitigation of heat in urban areas. London, Erthscan. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849771559
Ghasemi E., Nazemi Z., Mokhtarzadeh S., & Soleimani M. (2024). Correlation analysis of macro-scale natural and artificial environmental factors with the intensity of urban heat islands. Urban Studies Quarterly, 13(49): 17-32. https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62764 [In Persian]
Haji Fathali M., Feyzi M., & Dehghan A. (2022). The relationship between air temperatures, mean radiant temperature, and albedo in reducing urban heat islands. Geography (Journal of the Iranian Geographical Association), 19(71): 173–191. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/http://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833739.1400.19.71.9.6 [In Persian]
Halder, B., Bandyopadhyay, J., & Banik, P. (2021). Monitoring the effect of urban development on urban heat island based on remote sensing and geo-spatial approach in Kolkata and adjacent areas, India. Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 103186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103186
Hernández-Herráez, G., Martínez-Lastras, S., Lagüela, S., Martín-Jiménez, J. A., & Del Pozo, S. (2025). Morphological and environmental drivers of urban heat islands: A geospatial model of nighttime land surface temperature in Iberian cities. Applied Sciences, 15(11), 6093. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116093 
Howard, L. (1833). The climate of London: Deduced from meteorological observations made in the metropolis and at various places around it (Vol. 3). Harvey and Darton, J. and A. Arch, Longman, Hatchard, S. Highley [and] R. Hunter. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139135467.020
Huang, C., Liu, K., Ma, T., Xue, H., Wang, P., & Li, L. (2025). Analysis of the impact mechanisms and driving factors of urban spatial morphology on urban heat islands. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 18589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04025-0
Karimi, A., Mohammad, P., Gachkar, S., Gachkar, D., García-Martínez, A., Moreno-Rangel, D., & Brown, R. D. (2021). Surface urban heat island assessment of a cold desert city: A case study over the Isfahan Metropolitan Area of Iran. Atmosphere, 12(10), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101368
Kong, G., Peng, J., & Corcoran, J. (2025). Modelling urban heat island effects: A global analysis of 216 cities using machine learning techniques. Computational Urban Science, 5(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43762-025-00178-w 
Landsberg, H. E. (1981). The urban climate (Vol. 28). Academic Press.
Lynda, D., Logeswari, G., Tamilarasi, K., & Rakesh, S. (2025). Hybrid Bayesian deep learning model for predicting urban heat island intensity in African cities. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 31280. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13492-4 
Mazidi A., Rousta, I., & Mohammadi Ravari F. (2023). Temporal changes of urban heat islands and their relationship with air pollution using remote sensing. Climate Change Research Journal, 4(13): 103–120. https://doi.org/10.30488/ccr.2023.404996.1151  [In Persian]
Mofidi S. M., & Zare Mohazzabieh A. (2013). Urban sidewalk surface materials for reducing the effects of heat islands. Tarah Quarterly, 8: 118–122. https://www.magiran.com/p1186885 [In Persian]
Morales-González, J. I., Verichev, K., & Carpio, M. (2024). Efficiency assessment for the urban heat island mitigation measures in a city with an oceanic climate during the summer period: Case of Valdivia, Chile. Urban Climate, 55, 101897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101897
Ning, S., Zhou, Y., Wang, M., Li, B., Li, P., Zhang, L., & Luo, Y. (2024). Urban heat Island differentiation and influencing factors: A local climate zone perspective. Sustainability, 16(20), 9103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209103
Nojavan M., & Tabib-Mahmoudi F. (2022). Investigation of the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on heat islands in urban, industrial, and green areas of Tehran. Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards, 9(3): 57–74. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3326-fa.html [In Persian]
Oke, T. R. (1972, January). City size and urban heat island. In Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (Vol. 53, No. 7, p. 713). 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693: AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC. 
Oke, T. R. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 7(8), 769-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6
Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502
Peroni, F., & Pappalardo, S. E. (2024). Climate justice in future cities: Geographical perspectives for inclusive urban resilience and adaptation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 244, 104998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104998 
Pouramin K., Khatami S. M., & Shamsoddini A. (2020). Factors affecting the formation of urban heat islands with emphasis on urban design characteristics and challenges. Urban Design Discourse Journal, 1(1): 69–83. https://udd.modares.ac.ir/article_23160.html  [In Persian]
Santamouris, M. (2020). Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. Integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability, and health impact. Synergies with the global climate change. Energy and Buildings, 207, 109482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109482
Santamouris, M., Ding, L., & Osmond, P. (2019). Urban heat island mitigation. In Decarbonising the Built Environment: Charting the Transition (pp. 337-355). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7940-6_18
Sharma, R., Pradhan, L., Kumari, M., & Bhattacharya, P. (2021). Assessing urban heat islands and thermal comfort in Noida City using geospatial technology. Urban Climate, 35, 100751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100751
Stewart, I. D., Krayenhoff, E. S., Voogt, J. A., Lachapelle, J. A., Allen, M. A., & Broadbent, A. M. (2021). Time evolution of the surface urban heat island. Earth’s Future, 9(10), e2021EF002178. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002178
Van Eck, N., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Venkatraman, S., Kandasamy, V., Rajalakshmi, J., Sabarunisha Begum, S., & Sujatha, M. (2024). Assessment of urban heat island using remote sensing and geospatial application: A case study in São Paulo city, Brazil, South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 134, 104763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104763
Wang, S., & Zhan, W. (2025). Urban heat islands increase or reduce mortality in different cities. Nature Climate Change, 15(5), 473-474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02310-4 
Zhao, L., Oppenheimer, M., Zhu, Q., Baldwin, J. W., Ebi, K. L., Bou-Zeid, E., ... & Liu, X. (2018). Interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves. Environmental research letters, 13(3), 034003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9f73
Zhao, L., Fan, X., & Hong, T. (2025). Urban heat island effect: Remote sensing monitoring and assessment—methods, applications, and future directions. Atmosphere, 16(7), 791. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070791 
Zhou, D., Zhao, S., Liu, S., Zhang, L., & Zhu, C. (2014). Surface urban heat island in China’s 32 major cities: Spatial patterns and drivers. Remote sensing of environment, 152, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.05.017