اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری

اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری

اقتصاد رانتی و ابزاری‌سازی شبکه‌ای: تحلیل عاملیت غیرانسانی در تحول سرشت مکان در حریم حرم رضوی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی گروه معماری دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
2 استادیار گروه معماری دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
3 استاد گروه مرمت دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
چکیده
اقتصاد سرمایه‌داری رانتی در شهرهای مذهبی مانند مشهد، با بهره‌برداری از جریان‌های زیارتی و منابع انحصاری بدون خلق ارزش تولیدی، ساختارهای شهری و سرشت مکان را دگرگون می‌سازد و هویت مکان‌های زیسته را به کالای سودآور تبدیل می‌کند. چهارچوب نظری ANT و OOO کاربست مناسبی برای بررسی این موضوع است، اما با وجود رشد مطالعات، نظریۀ ANT و OOO، شکاف قابل‌ توجهی در تطبیق آن با اقتصاد سیاسی شهری وجود دارد. علی‌رغم بررسی جنبه‌های متعدد، به نظر می‌رسد هنوز نقش کنشگران غیرانسانی در رانت‌جویی مکان‌های مذهبی مغفول مانده است. این پژوهش به بررسی مکانیسم‌های دگرگونی سرشت مکان در حریم حرم رضوی می‌پردازد و هدف آن پاسخ به این پرسش است: «چگونه اقتصاد رانتی از طریق میانجی‌گری فرم مصنوع، سرشت مکان را دگرگون می‌کند و کنشگران غیرانسانی چه نقشی در این فرایند ایفا می‌کنند؟» روش‌شناسی پژوهش مبتنی بر پارادایم تفسیری ـ انتقادی با گرایش پساانسان‌گرا است و تلاش دارد با رویکرد کیفی و تکنیک بریکولاژ، تحلیل گفتمان و گفتمان انتقادی را تلفیق کند. داده‌ها از بررسی اسناد و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 12 مشارکت‌کننده گردآوری و از طریق کدگذاری سه‌مرحله‌ای گراندد تئوری و با تکنیک بریکولاژ تلفیق و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد شبکۀ کنشگران شامل 40 کنشگر است که کنشگران غیرانسانی‌ نقش غالب دارند. مقولۀ محوری «ابزاری‌سازی شبکه‌ای فضا برای حذف مقاومت‌ها» شناسایی شد که در آن نیروهای محرک بر مقاومت‌های محلی غلبه دارند. مشارکت نظری این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد فرم مصنوع به‌ عنوان میانجی منفعل عمل نمی‌کند، بلکه کنشگر دوگانه‌ای است که در تولید رانت مشارکت دارد و در برابر آن مقاومت می‌کند، در حالی ‌که کنشگران اقتصادی غیرانسانی بر شبکه مسلط‌اند و ظرفیت پس‌نشینی اشیا محدود می‌ماند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Rentier economy and network instrumentalization: An analysis of non-human agency in the transformation of place character within the Razavi Shrine precinct

نویسندگان English

Javad Ramazannejad 1
Mehdi Hamzenejad 2
Asghar Mohammadmoradi 3
1 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Restoration, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

The rentier capitalist economy in religious cities such as Mashhad transforms urban structures and place character by exploiting pilgrimage flows and monopolistic resources without creating productive value, commodifying the identity of lived places into profitable assets. The theoretical frameworks of actor-network theory (ANT) and object-oriented ontology   (OOO) provide appropriate approaches for investigating this phenomenon. However, despite the growth of studies employing ANT and OOO, a significant gap remains in their application to urban political economy. Although various aspects have been examined, the role of non-human actors in rent-seeking within religious places appears to have been neglected. This study examines the mechanisms of place character transformation in the neighborhoods within the Razavi Shrine precinct. It aims to answer the question: “How does the rentier economy transform place character through the mediation of built form, and what role do non-human actors play in this process?” The research methodology is based on an interpretive-critical paradigm with a posthumanist orientation, employing a qualitative approach that integrates discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis through the bricolage technique. Data were collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews with 12 key informants, then integrated and analyzed using three-stage grounded theory coding combined with the bricolage technique. Findings revealed that the actor network comprises 40 actors, with non-human actors playing a dominant role. The core category of “networked instrumentalization of space to eliminate resistances” was identified, in which driving forces prevail over local resistances. The theoretical contribution of this research demonstrates that built form does not act as a passive mediator but rather as a dual actor that both participates in rent production and resists it. In contrast, non-human economic actors dominate the network, and the withdrawal capacity of objects remains limited.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Built Form
Essence of Place
The Razavi Shrine Precinct
Network Instrumentalization
Non-Human Agency
Rentier Economy
Ahmadmohammadpour. (2021). Anti-method: Philosophical foundations and scientific procedures in qualitative methodology. Logos. [In Persian]
Bostan, Z., Parsapajouh, S., & Yousofi, A. (2023). Reflection on the signs of commodification of the sacred (with emphasis on pilgrimage). Journal of Social Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. https://doi.org/10.22067/socialsciences.2023.xxxxx
Braidotti, R. (2019). A theoretical framework for the critical posthumanities. Theory, Culture & Society, 36(6), 31–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419857154
Bryant, L. R., Srnicek, N., & Harman, G. (2011). The speculative turn: Continental materialism and realism. re. press.
Burchardt, M., Martínez-Ariño, J., Griera, M., & Bramadat, P. (2023). Rite and stone: Religious belonging and urban space in global perspective. Religion, 53(2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/00345237231159686
Callon, M. (1986). The sociology of an actor-network: The case of the electric vehicle. In M. Callon, J. Law, & A. Rip (Eds.), Mapping the dynamics of science and technology (pp. 19–34). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07408-2_2
Carmona, M. (2019). Place value: Place quality and its impact on health, social, economic, and environmental outcomes. Journal of Urban Design, 24(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1472523
Christophers, B. (2019). The problem of rent. Critical Historical Studies, 6(2), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1086/705560
Christophers, B. (2020). Rentier capitalism: Who owns the economy, and who pays for it? Verso.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). SAGE.
Dannreuther, C., & Langworthy, M. (2025). Rentier capitalism, social reproduction, and the limits of liberalism: Mapping gendered asset value in Kuwait. New Political Economy, 30(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2023.2301638
Darbani, E. S., Rafieian, M., Parapari, D. M., & Guldmann, J.-M. (2023). Urban design strategies for summer and winter outdoor thermal comfort in arid regions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 89, 104339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104339
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). SAGE.
Eric, T., Noel, D., & Harry, A. (2025). Capital without contribution: The rise of rentier economies in post-industrial capitalism. 
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203697078
Fairclough, N. (2023). Critical discourse analysis. In J. Flowerdew & J. E. Richardson (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 11–22). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003199151
Farías, I., & Bender, T. (2012). Urban assemblages: How actor-network theory changes urban studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203870631
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press.
Ginn, F. (2022). Planetary vegetal thought. Theory, Culture & Society, 39(3–4), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221105576
Harman, G. (2018). Object-oriented ontology: A new theory of everything. Penguin.
Harvey, D. (1974). Class-monopoly rent, finance capital, and the urban revolution. Regional Studies, 8(3–4), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237400185251
Harvey, D. (2020). The anti-capitalist chronicles. Pluto Press.
Hashem, I. A. T., Usmani, R. S. A., Almutairi, M. S., Ibrahim, A. O., Zakari, A., Alotaibi, F., Alhashmi, S. M., & Chiroma, H. (2023). Urban computing for sustainable smart cities. Sustainability, 15(5), 3916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053916
Hinchliffe, S., Bingham, N., Allen, J., & Carter, S. (2016). Pathological lives: Disease, space and biopolitics. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118644805
Jamshidi, B., Pour, B., & Kalantari. (2019). Explaining the effects of the political economy of religious tourism on the unbalanced distribution of tourism services in Mashhad. Tourism Management Studies Quarterly, 14(47), 221–260. https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2019.10919 [In Persian]
Kärrholm, M. (2013). Building type production and everyday life. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 31(6), 1109–1124. https://doi.org/10.1068/d8612
Kärrholm, M. (2014). Interobjectivity in architectural research and theory. Journal of Architecture, 19(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2014.882376
Kincheloe, J. L. (2001). Describing the bricolage. Qualitative Inquiry, 7(6), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040100700601
Kincheloe, J. L. (2005). On to the next level. Qualitative Inquiry, 11(3), 323–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405275056
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban morphology, 18(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v18i1.3995
Latour, B. (1996). Aramis, or the love of technology (C. Porter, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001
Law, J. (2002). Aircraft stories: Decentering the object in technoscience. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smf7z
Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
Maroufi, H., Baratzadeh, F., & Sabouri, A. (2025). Technologies of inclusion in the frontier of urban renewal. Journal of Urban Affairs, 47(1), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2188965
McFarlane, C. (2011a). Assemblage and critical urbanism. City, 15(2), 204–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.568715
McFarlane, C. (2011b). The city as an assemblage. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(4), 649–671. https://doi.org/10.1068/d4710
Morton, T. (2013). Realist magic: Objects, ontology, causality. Open Humanities Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/ohp.13106496.0001.001
Moshfeqi, V., Naeini, H., & Habibi. (2020). Investigating the relationship between land use changes and land prices in Tehran. Geography and Environmental Planning, 30(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22108/gep.2019.116324.1169 [In Persian]
Mousavi Khorshidi, S. Z. (2023). Flat ontology. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities Quarterly, 15(3), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2023.6526.5061 [In Persian]
Najati, S. M., Panahi, S., Majidvali, D., & Daniali, T. (2023). Evaluating the effects of a rentier economy on marginalization. Spatial Economics Organization, 2(2), 14. https://doi.org/10.30473/sses.2023.65732.1047 [In Persian]
Norberg-Schulz, C. (2012). Architecture, presence, language, place (A. S. Ahmadian, Trans.). Memar Nashr Institute. [In Persian]
Norberg-Schulz, C. (2021). The concept of dwelling: Towards a figurative architecture (M. A. Y. Ahmadi, Trans.). Agah Publishing. [In Persian]
Relph, E. (2010). Place and placelessness (Z. M. K. M. M. Naghsan-Mohammadi, Trans.; A. Darvishzadeh, Ed.). Armanshahr. [In Persian]
Ricardo, D. (1995). Principles of political economy and taxation (H. A. Teymouri, Trans.). Nashr-e Ney. [In Persian]
Saeedifard, F., Bagheri, N., Shahed, S. H., Babai, A., Salmanzadeh, S., Jaafari, M., Sobhani, N., & Ghodsi, M. (2020). The effect of a rentier economy on urban space organization. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 12, 442–454. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v12i1.1570
Saito, K., & Sasaki, R. (2025). Rentier capitalism, technofascism, and the destruction of the common. Area Development and Policy, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2024.2439849
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE.
Standing, G. (2021). The corruption of capitalism. Biteback.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153
Tarh-e Harim-e Razavi. (2020). Special detailed plan for the area surrounding the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (AS). University of Tehran. https://harimrazavi.ir [In Persian]
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE.
دوره 7، شماره 5
مرداد 1405
صفحه 64-80

  • تاریخ دریافت 23 مهر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 23 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 23 آذر 1404