Afrogh E. (2017). Space and Society: Urban Space and Social Inequality. Tehran: Elm Publication. [In Persian]
Aliakbari E., Aliakbari, E., Mousa Kazemi Mohammadi, S. M., Taleshi, M. (2022). Exploring the Regeneration Capacities of Dysfunctional Urban Tissues using Collaborative Planning Approach (Case Study: Shahid Bahonar Town of Mashhad Metropolis). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 20(3): 197-225. doi:10.22067/jgrd.2022.78311.1181 [In Persian]
Alizadeh H., & Amanpour S. (2023). Explaining the Barriers to the Realization of Strategic Spatial Planning in Iran. Town and Country Planning, 15(2): 365-379. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2023.366684.670413 [In Persian]
Amiriraz R., Eivazi. M., Barzefar, E., Abtahi, M. (2022). A Study of the Relationship between Slum-Dwelling and Social Gaps in Tehran Metropolis (Case of Study: Khatunabad and Hesar Amir). Urban Sociological Studies, 12(42): 31 - 66. doi:10.30495/uss.2022.693122 [In Persian]
Andalib A. (2017). Explaining Principles of Symmetric Renovation in Deteriorated Urban Fabrics. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 14(48): 5-16 [In Persian].
Atkins, L. C. (2022). Palaces for the people: How social infrastructure can help fight inequality, polarization, and the decline of civic life. Community Development, 53(4), 516-517. doi:10.1080/15575330.2022.2118937
Atkinson, C. L. (2024). Informal Settlements: A New Understanding for Governance and Vulnerability Study. Urban Science, 8(4), 158. doi:10.3390/urbansci8040158
Auyero, J., & al., e. Auyero, J., Bourgois, P., Scheper‐Hughes, N. (Eds.). (2015). Violence at the Urban Margins. New York: Oxford Academic. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190221447.001.0001
Bagheri Miab S., Bagheri Miab, S., Karimikia, M. S., Zalizadeh, M. (2024). Living on the Margins: Characteristics of Slum Neighborhoods of Ahvaz Metropolis. Social Problems of Iran, 15(2): 39-76. doi:10.61186/jspi.15.2.39 [In Persian]
Bernroider, L., Born, A. M., Kulz, C., & Gang, S. U. (Eds.). (2025). Intersectionality and the city: Exploring violence and inequality in urban space. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003529729
Bobic, N., & Haghighi, F. (Eds.). (2023). The Routledge handbook of architecture, urban space, and politic. Volume I: Violence, Spectacle and Data. NewYork: Routledge.
Boehmer, E., & Davies, D. (Eds.). (2018). Planned Violence. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91388-9
Boeing, G., Lu, Y., Pilgram, C. (2023). Local inequities in the relative production of and exposure to vehicular air pollution in Los Angeles. Urban Studies, 60(12). doi:10.1177/00420980221145403
Borja, J. (2022). The right to the city: From the streets to globalisation. In E. Garcia-Chueca & L. Vidal (Eds.), Advancing Urban Rights. Roy Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Black Rose Books.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The weight of the world: Social suffering in contemporary society. New York: Polity.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Dispossession, V., Brickell, K., Arrigoitia, M. F., & Vasudevan, A. (2017). Geographies of forced eviction. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-51127-0
Brown, W. (2020, May 6). A new way to understand the city: Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad. Retrieved from Medium: https://will-brown.medium.com/a-new-way-to-understand-the-city-henri-lefebvres-spatial-triad-d8f800a9ec1d
Buer, I. B., & Villenave, S. (2024). Interrogating peace in a violent democracy: A global south critique. Frontiers in Political Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1471119
Bullard, R. D. (2001). Environmental justice in the 21st century: Race still matters. Phylon, 49(3-4), 151-171. doi:10.2307/3132626
Charmaz, K. (2024). Constructing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Clark, J. (2020). Uneven innovation. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2024). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (Fifth ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dadashpoor H., & Shojaee D. M. (2022). Application of the Critical Paradigm in Understanding Spatial Injustice Around the Metropolis of Tehran. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, 27(1): 19-33. doi:10.22059/jfaup.2022.334565.672720 [In Persian]
Darkesh M., & Esterki S. (2020). Pathology of Urban Plans from the Perspective of the Right to the City (Case Study: Navab Urban Plan - Metro Expansion in Bryank Neighborhood). Sociology of Culture and Art, 2(3): 1-25. doi:10.34785/J016.2021.445 [In Persian]
Dexter, L. A. (2008). Elite and specialized interviewing (Ecpr Press Classics). Colchester, United Kingdom: ECPR Press.
Dillon, L. (2024). Toxic city: Redevelopment and environmental justice in San Francisco. California: University Of California Press.
Eckardt, F. (2021). Gentrification. Berlin: Springer Wiesbaden. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32406-3
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(2), 181-194. doi:10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Forde, S. (2024). Spatial intersectionality and transformative justice as frameworks for equitable urban planning in divided and post-conflict cities. Cities, 147, 104796. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.104796
Gachanja, J., & Yang, T. (2025). The built environment and multidimensional poverty: exploring accessibility as a mediator of spatial opportunity. Habitat International, 160, 103402. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103402
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191.
Ghorbani Sepehr A., & Janparvar M. (2019). Explaining the Concept and Epistemological Realm of the Political Geography of Urban Space. Research Political Geography Quarterly, 4(3): 47-77. doi:10.22067/pg.2019.39458 [In Persian]
Godarzvand Chegini, R., Shokrgozar, A., Jafari Mehrabadi, M.  (2023). Sustainable Urban Regeneration, Housing Indicators, Historical Context, Qazvin. Journal of Geography and Planning, 27(86): 129-147. doi:10.22034/gp.2023.51686.3005 [In Persian]
Grant, U. (2010). Spatial inequality and urban poverty traps. CPRC Working Paper 166. London: Chronic Poverty Research Centre.
Groat, L. N., & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons.
Guetterman, T. C., & James, T. G. (2023). A software feature for mixed methods analysis: The MAXQDA Interactive Quote Matrix. Methods in Psychology, 8, 100116. doi:10.1016/j.metip.2023.100116
Hamraie, A. (2020). Alterlivability. Environmental Humanities, 12(2), 407-430. doi:10.1215/22011919-8623197
Harvey, D. (2013). The political economy of public space. In S. Low & N. Smith (Eds.), The Politics of Public Space (e-book ed.). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203390306
Harvey, D. (2019). Rebel cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution. New York: VERSO.
Helbrecht, I. (Ed.). (2018). Gentrification and resistance. Berlin: Springer VS Wiesbaden. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-20388-7
Henn, K., & et al. (2025). Bibliometric and scoping study of research on urban deprived areas and slums. Discover Cities, 2, 71. doi:10.1007/s44327-025-00115-w
Hochstenbach, C. (2016). State-led Gentrification and the changing geography of market-oriented housing policies. Housing, Theory and Society, 4, 399-419. doi:10.1080/14036096.2016.1271825
Hooshangi N., Sajadzadeh, H., Izadi, M. (2023). The role of Effective Factors in the Formation and Expansion of the Marginal Areas. Haft Hesar Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(45): 5-24 [In Persian].
Huchzermeyer, M. (2021). A critical Lefebvrian perspective on planning in relation to informal settlements in South Africa. Town and Regional Planning, 79, 44–54. doi:10.18820/2415-0495/trp79i1.6
Imani Jajarmi H., & Masoudian M. (2019). Mehr Housing Project and Reproduction of Social Inequality (Living Experiences in Sadra). Social Studies and Research in Iran, 8(1): 199-222. doi:10.22059/jisr.2019.258589.691 [In Persian]
Jatkar, H. (2024). Subaltern politics at urban borderlands. Urban Planning, 9, 6974. doi:10.17645/up.6974
Juraev, Z., & Ahn, Y.-J. (2025). Planning against planning: Anarchist urbanism as a critical praxis. Cities, 167, 106391. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.106391
Ahmed, S. K., Mohammed, R. A., Nashwan, A. J., Ibrahim, R. H., Abdalla, A. Q., Ameen, B. M. M., & Khdhir, R. M. (2025). Using thematic analysis in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 6, 100198. (2025). Using thematic analysis in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 6, 100198. doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2025.100198
Khougar, A., Baba Ahmadi, P., Ranjbar, H., Ahadi, M., & Ahadi, P. (2023). Exploring the varied manifestations of structural violence in the lives of children on the autism spectrum and their families: a qualitative longitudinal study in Kurdistan, Iran. International journal for equity in health, 22(1), 263. doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02078-z
Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical teacher, 42(8), 846-854. doi:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1755030
King, N. (2004). Using templates in the thematic analysis of text. In Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research (pp. 256-270). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781446280119.n21
Klinenberg, E. (2018). Palaces for the people: How social infrastructure can help fight inequality, polarization, and the decline of civic life. New York: Crown.
Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice, & using software. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781446288719
Lees, L., & al., e. (2016). Planetary gentrification. New York: Polity.
Lees, L., & Robinson, B. (2021). Beverley’s story. City, 25(5-6), 590-613. doi:10.1080/13604813.2021.1987702
Lefebvre, H. (1992). The production of space. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lens, M. C. (2022). Zoning, land use, and the reproduction of urban inequality. Annual review of sociology, 48(1), 421–439. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-122027
Locke, R., & al., e. (Eds.). (2026). Identity-based mass violence in urban contexts. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98068-8
Macassa, G. (2023). Does Structural violence by institutions enable revictimization and lead to poorer health outcomes?-A public health viewpoint. Annals of global health, 89(1), 58. doi:10.5334/aogh.4137
Mady, C. (2022). The evolutions, transformations, and adaptations in Beirut. Urban Planning, 7(1), 116–128. doi:10.17645/up.v7i1.4724
Mahdavi D., Mohammadi Gojani A., & Nazari W. (2024). Analyzing Worn-Out Texture Regeneration from Urban Branding Perspective Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)(Case Study: Worn-Out Texture of Shahr-e-Kord). Spatial Planning, 14(2): 163-186. doi:10.22108/sppl.2024.139781.1758 [In Persian]
Mahmoudi L., & Fani Z. (2018, May 8). The Production of Urban Space in Lefebvre’s Triadic Discourse and Mumford’s Urban Paradigm. Retrieved from Office of Publications and Educational Technology: https://www.roshdmag.ir/fa/article/20858 [In Persian]
Majerowitz, M., & Allweil, Y. (2019). Housing in the neoliberal city: Large urban developments and the role of architecture. Urban Planning, 4(4), 43-61. doi:10.17645/up.v4i4.2298
Maleki S., & Azadbakht M. (2018). Analyzing the Social Justice in Urban Structure of Spatial Regions (Case study: districts of City of Ilam). A Scientific Journal Of Ilam Culture, 19(58.59): 7-35 [In Persian].
Manouchehri Miandoab A. (2021). An Analysis of the Urban Space Production Cycle in Iran (Study Case: Tehran Metropolis). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 9(2): 387-415. doi:10.22059/jurbangeo.2021.313591.1404 [In Persian]
Marcuse, P. (2009). From critical urban theory to the right to the city. City, 13(2-3), 185-197. doi:10.1080/13604810902982177
Maxwell, J. A. (2010). Using numbers in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 475-482. doi:10.1177/1077800410364740
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Mbembe, A. (2019). Necropolitics. Durham, Newcastle, England: Duke University Press.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A., Saldana, J. (2019). Qualitative data analysis - international student edition: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Mohai, P., & Saha, R. (2015). Which came first, people or pollution? Assessing the disparate siting and post-siting demographic change hypotheses of environmental injustice. Environmental Research Letters, 10(11), 315-328. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115008
Mohammadi M. (2020). Developing the Process of Creating Readable Urban Space and its Affecting Factors based on the Understanding and Analysis of Translation Theories; a Meta-Theoretical Approach. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 11(1): 41-56. doi:10.30475/isau.2020.156522.1123 [In Persian]
Mukhopadhyay, P., Zérah, M.‐H., & Denis, E. (2020). Subaltern urbanization: Indian insights for urban theory. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 44(4), 582-598. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12917
Nader, L. (2018). Up the anthropologist: Perspectives gained from studying up. In Contrarian Anthropology: The Unwritten Rules of Academia (pp. 12-32). New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9781785337079-004
Naderi Mayvan R. A., Norouzi Z., Rezaeenasab, A., & Naderi, M. H. (2025). The Effects of Marginalization and Its Consequences on Economic Dimensions; Socio-Cultural And Physical-Service (Study Case: Shirvan City). Geography and Human Relationships, 7(3): 736-751. doi:10.22034/gahr.2024.455895.2118 [In Persian]
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International journal of qualitative methods, 22. doi:10.1177/16094069231205789
Nazrul Fattah, K., & Walters, P. (2023). Locating agency at the urban grassroots: Resistance and reworking in the everyday politics of informal settlements. Geoforum, 141. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2023.103703
Nicoletti, L. (2022). Disadvantaged communities have lower access to urban infrastructure. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(3), 831-849. doi:10.1177/23998083221131044
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16(1). doi:10.1177/1609406917733847
O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-13. doi:10.1177/1609406919899220
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th-English ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Prieto, E. Eric Prieto, Liam Lanigan, and Anni Lappela. Urban discourses of crisis, resilience, and resistance, 467. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86897-9
Prior, L., Evans, C., Merlo, J., & Leckie, G. (2025). Sociodemographic inequalities in student achievement: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA). Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 11(3), 351-369. doi:10.1177/23326492241267251
Ravitch, S. M., & Matthew Riggan, J. (2016). Reason & rigor: How conceptual frameworks guide research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Ruíz, E. (2024). Structural violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Safransky, S. (2020). Geographies of algorithmic violence: Redlining the smart city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 44(2), 200-218. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12833
Sahib Nasi, A., Sahib Nasi A., Moti’ M., Haji Ismaili Hosseinabadi, M. (2020). An Investigation into Peace and Violence in the Quranic Teachings with a Look at Johan Galtung’s Theory of Cultural and Structural Violence. Pazhouhesh dini Journal, 19(40): 35-65. doi:20.1001.1.17352770.1399.19.40.2.8 [In Persian]
Salaripour A. A., Alizadeh, J. F., & TalebValiAlah N. (2022). Analysis of Non-Feasibility Factors of Master Plans for Small Cities (Case Study: Sangar Khoshkebijar City-Shaft City in Guilan Province). The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 19(110): 5-20. doi:10.22034/bagh.2022.277088.4831 [In Persian]
Samadi A., Mousavi Y., & Azkia M. (2020). Sociological and Physical Analysis of Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Tehran City). Sustainable city, 2(4): 101-114. doi:10.22034/jsc.2019.202647.1130 [In Persian]
Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Knafl, G. (2009). On quantitizing. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 208-222.. doi:10.1177/1558689809334210
Sarkar, S., Cottineau-Mugadza, C., & Wolf, L. J. (2024). Spatial inequalities and cities: A review. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(7), 1391-1407. doi:10.1177/23998083241263422
Sarrafi M. (2025). The Problematization of Informality in Iran: Structural Violence in the Production of An Anti-Life Space for the Underprivileged. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 17(46): 4-23. doi:10.30480/aup.2025.5597.2203 [In Persian]
Shafiee A., & Abdi Daneshpour Z. (2020). Assessment of Residential Policy-Making to Encounter Spatial Inequality in Tehran. Social Development and Welfare Planning, 10(41): 73-132. doi:10.22054/qjsd.2019.11839 [In Persian]
Silva, E. A., Healey, P., Harris, N., Van den Broeck, P., (Eds.). (2016). The Routledge handbook of planning research methods: A case-based guide to research design (reprint ed.). NewYork: Routledge.
Soja, E. W. (2015). Building a spatial theory of justice. In Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis: Minnesota Scholarship Online. doi:10.5749/minnesota/9780816666676.003.0004
Stein, S. (2019). Capital city: Gentrification and the real estate state. New York: Verso Books.
Sternberg, C. (2023). Neoliberal urban governance. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21718-0
Syed, M., & Nelson, S. C. (2015). Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerging Adulthood, 3(6), 375-387. doi:10.1177/2167696815587648
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. doi:10.4135/9781506335193
Tasnim News Agency. (2018, 06 11). 16 percent of Tehran province’s population lives in informal settlements. Retrieved from Tasnim News Agency: https://tn.ai/1747516 [In Persian]
Tasnim News Agency. (2025, 05 07). Mashhad has the highest rate of marginalization in the country. Retrieved from Tasnim News Agency: https://tn.ai/3307728
Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837-851. doi:10.1177/1077800410383121
Vittoria Ferroni, M., Galdini, R., & Ruocco, G., (Eds.). (2023). Urban Informality: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29827-1
Wacquant, L. (2007). Urban outcasts: A comparative sociology of advanced marginality. NewYork: Polity.
Yaghoubi M., & Shams M. (2019). Regeneration of Worn-Out Tissue with a Sustainable Development Approach (Case Study: Ilam City). Sustainable city, 2(1): 63-77. doi:10.22034/jsc.2019.92132 [In Persian]
Yusefi, R., Shayganfar, N., & Khoddami, A. (2025). Critical Lefebvrian Analysis of the Emergence of Abstract Space in Iran with an emphasis on the City of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Sociology, 25(3): 5-30. doi:10.22034/jsi.2025.2032838.1726 [In Persian]
Zieleniec, A. (2018). Lefebvre’s politics of space: Planning the urban as oeuvre. Urban Planning, 3(3), 5-15. doi:10.17645/up.v3i3.1343
Zuk, M., Bierbaum, A. H., Chapple, K., Gorska, K., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2018). Gentrification, displacement, and the role of public investment. Journal of Planning Literature, 33(1), 31-44. doi:10.1177/0885412217716439