Urban Economics and Planning

Urban Economics and Planning

Definition the Jurisprudential Principles of the Smart City for Iranian Islamic Cities

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Asghar Molaei 1
Sesigheh Bahrami 2
1 Assistance Professor, Department of Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,,Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Ph.D. Candidate of Islamic Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Arts University, Tabriz, Iran
10.22034/uep.2022.335985.1218
Abstract
Introduction
Considering the speed of information and communication without borders, which is the theoretical basis of the city of the communication age, the approach of smart city is a response in line with the tone of changes and demands of the time and is used as a tool to achieve sustainable development in all dimensions and all times Placed. The application of smart city concept is unavoidable in all societies due to the complexity and breadth of today’s city problems. It makes it possible to perform many processes of urban life in cyberspace or the field of information and communication technology in the recent age. This means fast and relatively free access to an infinite space of data and information and has created challenges in different societies, including Muslim societies (due to the different nature of philosophical and doctrinal foundations) in terms of ethics, principles, values, and lifestyle. The issue of data security and privacy, which has become a common issue in all societies, is another challenge of this approach. There are many attempts to establish the correct method of assessing and recognizing the potential for danger in the face of new ideas in the world,. Still, a good way is to match the relevant issues with a higher standard and evaluate the issue with a more reliable source of theoretical and empirical reason. Every society needs to localize smart city concept with the help of its accepted tools and criteria to synchronize the basic principles of this approach and understand how to implement and control it. In the religion of Islam, the central teachings that can be used in this regard include beliefs, ethics, and jurisprudence.
Materials and Methods
In Islamic thought, jurisprudential rules have a wide range of individual and social life of Muslims. These rules provide do’s and don’ts for different dimensions and areas of Muslim life that attention and adherence to them can be effective in one’s well-being. Smart city issues and approaches can also be assessed in this context to minimize challenges such as the possibility of imposing a foreign culture, changing lifestyles, reducing effective social interactions, shaking the family foundation, isolation and depression, adverse effects on local and micro-economies, and many such issues that researchers have considered. This research aims to study the smart city from the jurisprudential point of view and extract the relevant do’s and don’ts to provide the best and most effective application of this approach in Islamic cities. This research is done by the research method of content analysis of texts and logical reasoning with a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach. 
Findings
The sources used are documents and library resources in the field of smart city and jurisprudential issues and rules, and religious sources have also been used in this regard. First, the principles of the smart city and its criteria and then the rules of Islamic jurisprudence were studied. In this regard, 12 jurisprudential rules related to the principles and components of the smart city have been identified: The rules of authenticity, legitimacy, combining expediency (essential), denying the mustache, denying extravagance and luxury, no harm,  no wasting, the causation, domination, negation of hardship and governing. Another issue studied in this research is the relationship between the smart city and related jurisprudential rules with observing the four rights (the right of God, soul, others, and nature). 
Conclusion
The results show that the rights of God, the rights of the soul, the rights of other human beings, and the rights of nature must be observed in all real and virtual aspects of the city, and smart tools can be helpful in this direction. The most critical jurisprudential rules of La Zarar, Zaman, Nafye-Sabil, Heliiat, and Maslahat are the jurisprudential rules that have important do’s and don’ts to observe rights from the perspective of Islam. Also, in analyzing the relationship between these rules with the dimensions of the smart city (Smart transportation, smart economy, smart community, smart living, smart environment, and smart governance), the rules of La Zarar, Zaman, Nafye-Sabil, the conflict of expediency, Heliiat and Maslahat are related to more dimensions and have examples of many different aspects of the smart city. Finally, with this study, it can be said that if the principles of the smart city are coordinated with the topics of Islamic jurisprudence, the security capability and trust in this innovation will increase, and we will see a more favorable performance from it.
Keywords
Iranian Islamic Cities
Islamic Law
Jurisprudential Rules
Smart City

Subjects

[1] Molaei, A. Explaining the principles and strategies of smart city with a sustainability approach in the field of crisis management (case study; Tehran metropolis) Quarterly Journal of Crisis Prevention and Management, autumn 1400: 11(3): 255-274. [In Persian]
[2] Behzadfar M. The Necessity and Obstacles to Creating a Smart City in Iran. Journal of Fine Arts Autumn 1382:1(15): 14-27[In Persian]
[3] Shia I. Habibi K.& Ehsani M. The role of intelligent management in urban planning to reduce the effects of earthquakes. City Identity, Summer 1398:13 (38) 37-50[In Persian]
[4] Pourahmad A. Ziari K. Hataminejad H. Parsa Pasha Sh. Concept and features of smart city. Nazar Garden (Nazar Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning) April1397:15 (58), 5-26[In Persian]
[5] Motahhari M. Collection of works of Shahid Motahhari. C 20, Introduction to the principles of jurisprudence-jurisprudence (generalities of Islamic sciences) Tehran: Sadra Publications1381 [In Persian]
[6] Najafi, M. Analysis of jurisprudential principles and rules of using cyberspace, the second national conference on cyber defense, Maragheh1398 https://civilica.com/doc/903766
 [In Persian]
[7] Abedini, A. Zeinali S. Farahmandi M., Evaluation and analysis of intelligent growth components in Islamic cities: A case study of the worn-out texture of Urmia, Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism of the Islamic World, Tabriz, Shabnam, 1397, https: // civilica. com / doc / 7767472[In Persian]
[8] Ajzashokohi M. & Puremad M. Survey of Islamic Smart Growth Indicators in the Central Basin of Mashhad, The 6th National Conference on Urban Planning and Management with Emphasis on the Components of the Islamic City of Aban 1393 Holy Mashhad[In Persian]
 [9] Giffinger R. Fertner C. Kramar H. Kalasek R. Pichler-Milanovi N. & Meijers E. Smart cities Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Vienna: Centre of Regional
Science (SRF), Vienna University of Technology, 2007, 14-28
[10] Roustaei Sh. Pourmohammadi M. R. Ghanbari H. Smart city theory and evaluation of its infrastructure components in urban management Case study: Tabriz Municipality, Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, Spring 1397:8 (26): 197-216[In Persian]
[11] Komninos, N. Smart Cities. In Warf, B. (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia
of the Internet Jun 2018, 783-789. page Publications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473960367.n229
[12] Kanani Moghadam, S. Shia E. Behzadfar M. Zarabadi Z. S. S. Explaining the urban land use planning approach in smart city using Pramati method (Case study: District 22 of Tehran Municipality) Ayman city scientific-research journal, Spring 1398:2 (6):1-19 [In Persian]
[13] Khamesi, A. Smart City (Green Book 1400) Municipalities Guide, No. 19, Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs, Tehran 1395 [In Persian]
[14] Harrison C. Eckman B. Hamilton R. Hartswick P. Kalagnanam J. Paraszczak, J. & Williams, P. Foundations for Smarter Cities. IBM Journal of Research and Development, July 2010:54(4). DOI: 10.1147/JRD.2010.2048257
[15] Fahm Fam Q. Hamidi H. () Factors Affecting the Development and Management of Smart City Using a Combined Approach of IoT and Cloud Computing Data Technologies, Iranian Research Institute of Information Science and Technology Research Quarterly (Irandak), Winter 1397 :34( 2): 557-584[In Persian]
[16] Anthopoulos L. Fitsilis P. Social Networks in Smart Cities, Conference: First IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) October 2015, Mexico DOI:10.1109/ISC2.2015.7366206
[17] Ghasemi Nejad H. Intelligent Transportation Systems. The First Conference on Accidents and Road Accidents, Azar Islamic Azad University, Zanjan 1388[In Persian]
[18] Mazurkiewicz J. Intelligent Processing Methods Usage for Transport SystemsSafety Improvement, 16 th Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication,
RelStat’2016, 19-22 October, 2016, Riga, Latvia
[19] -(Basir Pardazesh Engineering CompanyLicense) Plate Recognition: Intelligent and Electronic Transportation Infrastructure, 8th Iran Transportation and Traffic Engineering Conference, Tehran, 1387, https://civilica.com/doc/39820[In Persian]
[20] Khalilifard, R. and Omidi, M. Smart City Economy and Sustainable Economic Development of Smart Cities, Third International Conference on Sustainable Development Techniques in Industrial Management and Engineering with the Approach of Recognizing Permanent Challenges, Tehran, 1399, https://civilica.com/doc/1038008[In Persian]
[21] Hashemi S.A. Rahnajat M. Sharifzadeh F. Saadi M.R.Good governance and smart city ratios Case study: Socio-cultural strategy Tehran Spring 1399, 34 (9): 76-98[In Persian] 
[22] Nadali, S. and Sefidchian, S. Presenting a model for smart tourism, Second International Conference on Management and Business, Tabriz, 1397,https://civilica.com/doc/828208[In Persian]
[23] Dashtlaali Z. Aligholi. M., Nourbakhsh S.K. Practical Pattern of Smart Tourism in Urban Areas Case Study: Esfahan City,Journal of Urban Tourism Vol.7, No.2, Summer 2020http://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2020.308582.826[In Persian]
[24] Rashki M. Arab Anani M.Identification and ranking of factors affecting the establishment of smart city with educational approach (high-schools of Zahedan) Tech. of Edu. J. 14(4): 775-790, Autumn 2020[In Persian]
[25] Mehdian Far M.Smart city creation studies,Necessities and infrastructures for creating a smart city, synergy of experiences and knowledge, Khordad 1395, http://smartcty.blogfa.com [In Persian]
[26] Baluchi, A. Behboodi, M. R. and Torabi, M, Designing a model for a smart city inspired by the assumptions of modern government services and evaluating its infrastructure components in Bandar Abbas Municipality, 1400 https://civilica.com/doc/1418072 [In Persian]
[27] -. What is IoT or the Internet of Things and what does it do? Arshin Group.Mordad 1398 https://arshinco.com/blog/iot [In Persian]
[28] Rahmanpoursalamani, E. Smart city with smart waste management: Introduction of waste bin smart technologies, the third annual conference on architecture, urban planning and urban management research, Shiraz1396 [In Persian]
[29] Farrokhi, Gh. and Gapple, M. The Study of Intelligent Agriculture Based on IoT (IoT), The Second International Conference on New Technologies in Science, Amol, 1397, [In Persian]
[30] Moustaka V. Theodosiou, Z. Vakali. A., KounoudesA., Anthopoulos L. G. Εnhancing social networking in smart cities from the book Smart City Studies Collection:Translation of Azim Zadegan et al, poshtibak, tehran,1398[In Persian]
[31] Sarkhosh J. and Bakhtiari F. Jurisprudential and legal explanation of the rule of "the ruler is the guardian" and the flow of this rule in family law in Iranian civil law, the third national conference on law in the perspective of 1404, Rasht: February 1399https://civilica.com/doc/1152572/ [In Persian]
[32] Andalib H. Study and explanation of the principles and rules of urban planning from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, two quarterly scientific journals dedicated to the teachings of Alawite jurisprudence, Spring & Summer 1397:4(6): 5-26[In Persian]
[33] Adibzadeh B. The right to watch and the right to appear in the image of the Islamic city, Sofeh, 1398:28(80): 61-68[In Persian]
[34] Karami R. A. Education and application of jurisprudential rules; Creating a religious motivation for responsible and moral interaction with the environment. Urban and Rural Management, Spring1396:1(46): 229-240[In Persian]
[35] Mohaghegh Damad, S. M., Rules of Jurisprudence Islamic Sciences Publishing Center, Qom 1381: 1[In Persian]
[36] Dictionary of Principles of Jurisprudence, by a collective effort of researchers; Preparation and compilation of the Islamic Documents Information Center. Qom Seminary Islamic Propaganda Office, Research Deputy, Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture, 1389[In Persian]
[37] Ahmadzadeh, A., Jalali Kh., Esmailzadeh Sh. () Application of jurisprudential rules (such as the rule of denying embarrassment and the rule of arrogance in the age of communication). News Science Quarterly, Summer 1394: -(14): 117-150[In Persian]
[38] Bajnordi, M. H. Jurisprudence Bases, Qom, Al-Hadi Publishing, 1419 Ah: 1[In Persian]
[39] Khosravi M. B. Bemanian M. R. Seifian and M. K. The Identifying Role of the Harmless Rule in Forming the Model of Islamic Architecture, The Role of the World, Spring Summer 1391: 3(1): 19-30[In Persian]
[40] Gavahi Z. Saghafi M. Jurisprudential-Legal Principles of Expropriation by the Government, Quarterly Journal of Islamic Economics and Banking (mieaoi), August 1395:(15): 23-45[In Persian]
Urban Economics and Planning
Volume 3, Issue 2
Spring 2022
Pages 198-214

  • Receive Date 12 April 2022
  • Revise Date 16 May 2022
  • Accept Date 21 June 2022