Abu Bakar, N. A., & Aziz, N. F. (2024). Perspectives of sensory goals in therapeutic landscape: A review. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment (MySE), 11(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v12i1.1611
Aćimović, M., & Zheljazkov, V. D. (2026). Alternative application of Helichrysum species: Plants suitable for phytoremediation and urban horticulture systems. Industrial Crops and Products, 239, 122515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122515
Akbarzadeh, M., & Adibi, A. (2014). Health landscape. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 5(24), 18–21. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_4065_5463b514e21fbd3fec3772fba142a46e.pdf
Bahrami, B., Agha Ebrahimi Samani, F., & Daei Parizi, N. (2026). Methodology of designing Kerman medicinal plant garden. Journal of Urban Environmental Management, 4(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.48306/juem.2026.566079.1132
Baniadam, P., Mars, F., Normand, J.-M., Requena-Ruiz, I., & Siret, D. (2025). Mental restorative effects of streetscape vegetation: Assessment of various design strategies using virtual environments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 112, 128938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128938
Bayulken, B., Huisingh, D., & Fisher, P. M. (2021). How are nature-based solutions helping in the greening of cities in the context of crises such as climate change and pandemics? A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288, 125569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125569
Bell, L. J., St George, R., Honan, C., Jolly, A., & Smith, T. (2025). The relationship between nature exposures and attention restoration, as moderated by exposure duration: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 105, 102424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102424
Bell, S. L., Foley, R., Houghton, F., Maddrell, A., & Williams, A. M. (2018). From therapeutic landscapes to healthy spaces, places, and practices: A scoping review. Social Science & Medicine, 196, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.035
Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., de Vries, S., Flanders, J., & Daily, G. C. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science Advances, 5(7), eaax0903. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cameron, R. W., Brindley, P., Mears, M., McEwan, K., Ferguson, F., Sheffield, D., Jorgensen, A., Riley, J., Goodrick, J., & Ballard, L. (2020). Where the wild things are! Do urban green spaces with greater avian biodiversity promote more positive emotions in humans? Urban Ecosystems, 23(2), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00929-z
Cao, W., Wang, L., Wang, J., Elsadek, M., & Zhang, D. (2025). Nonlinear health benefits of public green space: Evidence from a nationwide machine learning study in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1680591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1680591
Capolongo, S., et al. (2023). Therapeutic landscape design: Methods, design strategies and new scientific approaches. Springer Nature.
Carroll, C., Higgs, J., McCray, S., & Utter, J. (2024). Implementation and impact of health care gardens: A systematic scoping review. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 30(5), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2023.0212
Caser, M., Demasi, S., Gaino, W., Devecchi, M., & Scariot, V. (2017, September). Designing greener cities with water-use-efficient medicinal and aromatic plants. In International Symposium on Greener Cities for More Efficient Ecosystem Services in a Climate Changing World 1215 (pp. 267-272).
Chen, Y., Ying, J., Zhang, Y., & Feng, Y. (2025). A systematic review of urban green spaces affecting subjective well-being: An explanation of their complex mechanisms. Ecological Indicators, 113786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113786
Cooper Marcus, C., & Valente, R. (2015). Healing gardens: Design processes and realizations of beneficial environments. TECHNE, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.13128/techne-16120
Corazon, S. S., Sidenius, U., Poulsen, D. V., Gramkow, M. C., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2019). Psycho-physiological stress recovery in outdoor nature-based interventions: A systematic review of the past eight years of research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101711
Cuthbert, S., Kellas, A., & Page, L. A. (2020). Green care in psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(6), 619–620. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.166
Da, C., Li, Y., Gao, X., Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Ma, H., Zhao, B., Hu, T., Ma, Y., Liu, J., Qiu, L., & Gao, T. (2024). Seasonal variations in psychophysiological stress recovery from street greenery: A virtual reality study on vegetation structures and configurations. Building and Environment, 266, 112058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112058
Diep, L., & McPhearson, T. (2025). Empowering cities globally: Four levers for transformative urban adaptation with nature-based solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122 (29), e2315912121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315912121
Din, S. K.-J., Russo, A., & Liversedge, J. (2023). Designing healing environments: A literature review on the benefits of healing gardens for children in healthcare facilities and the urgent need for policy implementation. Land, 12(5), 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12050971
Dosen, A. S., & Ostwald, M. J. (2016). Evidence for prospect-refuge theory: A meta-analysis of the findings of environmental preference research. City, Territory, and Architecture, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-016-0033-1
Dushkova, D., & Ignatieva, M. (2020). New trends in urban environmental health research: From geography of diseases to therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-99
Elliott, H., Eon, C., & Breadsell, J. K. (2020). Improving city vitality through urban heat reduction with green infrastructure and design solutions: A systematic literature review. Buildings, 10(12), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120219
Farvardin, M., & Bababkhani, M. (2025). A comparative study of the impact of urban green spaces on children’s mental health with an emphasis on the child-friendly city approach (case study: Districts 4 and 5 of Karaj City). Sustainable Development of Geographical Environment, 6(11), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.48308/sdge.2024.234037.1191
Fernandes, C. O., Teixeira, C. P., & Veludo, M. (2025). Greening urban landscapes: A systematic literature review of planting design for resilient and livable cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 107, 128793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128793
Fry, D., Antoine, J., Simpson, K., Steed, A.-C., Branas, C. C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Mmari, K., & Kondo, M. C. (2025). The effect of place-based nature interventions on human health: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 123157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123157
Galera, C., Navarro, M. C., Galesne, C., Retuerto, N., Bentivegna, F., & Flouri, E. (2025). Neighborhood green space and psychological distress: A longitudinal study of socioeconomic disparities in mental health outcomes. Environment International, 204, 109799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109799
Gan, D., & Wang, T. (2026). Transforming urban parks into comprehensive-health-promoting spaces. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1784105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1784105
Gesler, W. M. (1992). Therapeutic landscapes: Medical issues in light of the new cultural geography. Social Science & Medicine, 34(7), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90360-3
Goda, R. A., Fakhry, A. M., Bidak, L. M., & Toto, S. M. (2025). Promoting biodiversity in urban spaces: Exploring the resilience of two wild plants, Pancratium maritimum L. and Artemisia herba-alba asso, in landscaping. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 1197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07207-0
Gong, Y., Zhou, J., Wu, H., Zhu, Y., Xing, C., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Wang, D., Wan, Y., Gao, X., Xu, Y., Xu, Q., & Ou, J. (2026). Moderating effects of residential green and blue spaces on particulate matter related myocardial infarction mortality: A multicity time-stratified case-crossover study. Atmospheric Environment, 367, 121732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121732
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Gray, T., Tracey, D., & Pigott, F. (2024). Restorative and regenerative green spaces for vulnerable communities in social housing: The impact of a community greening program. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 99, 102448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102448
Guo, H., Zhou, W., Lai, W., & Yao, L. (2023). What landscape elements are needed for hospital healing spaces? Evidence from an empirical study of 10 compact hospitals. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1243582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243582
Gutke Lunsjö, M. (2023). Incorporating environmental psychology in architectural design processes [Master's thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences].
Gwedla, N., Cornelius, S. F. A., Du Toit, M. J., & Cilliers, S. (2024). Health clinic gardens as models for social-ecological systems: Floristic composition and potential utilization of plants in the Bojanala Platinum District North-West Province, South Africa. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 99, 128445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128445
Hagaman, M. (2024). Building better homes for pollinators: How native plants benefit pollinator communities in suburban landscapes [Master's thesis, University of Central Florida].
Hao, J., Li, Y., Hu, T., Ma, Y., Wang, X., Liu, J., Gao, T., & Qiu, L. (2024). Vegetation diversity in structure, species or color: Coupling effects of the different characteristics of urban green spaces on preference and perceived restoration. Ecological Indicators, 169, 112897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112897
He, M., Wang, Y., Wang, W. J., & Xie, Z. (2022). Therapeutic plant landscape design of urban forest parks based on the Five Senses Theory: A case study of Stanley Park in Canada. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.02.004
Hoseini, S., Vaghebin, R., Janahmadi, Z., & Nabipour, I. (2021). Ethno-pharmacology of medicinal plants in the Giskan Mountain area. Iran South Medical Journal, 24(3), 226–241.
Hoyle, H., Hitchmough, J., & Jorgensen, A. (2017). All about the ‘wow factor’? The relationships between aesthetics, restorative effect and perceived biodiversity in designed urban planting. Landscape and Urban Planning, 164, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.03.011
Huang, Y., & Yuan, X. (2024). Smellscape as a healing factor in institutional gardens to enhance health and well‐being for older people with dementia: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 33(2), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16908
Ignatieva, M., Haase, D., Dushkova, D., & Haase, A. (2020). Lawns in cities: From a globalized urban green space phenomenon to sustainable nature-based solutions. Land, 9(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030073
Jha, P., Yadav, P. K., Joy, M. S., Shreya, S., Al-Mutiry, M., Jha, A. N., Bansal, T., & Almohamad, H. (2026). Urban blue-green spaces and everyday well-being in a high-density megacity: Evidence from Delhi. Land, 15(3), 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030497
Jiang, B., Chang, C.-Y., & Sullivan, W. C. (2014). A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences. Landscape and Urban Planning, 132, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.005
Joye, Y., & De Block, A. (2025). Restoration theories: Path to insight or road to nowhere? [Manuscript submitted for publication].
Kaleta, B., Campbell, S., O’Keeffe, J., & Burke, J. (2025). Naturebased interventions: A systematic review of reviews. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1625294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1625294
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Kazemi, F., & Abbasi, M. (2018). Investigating some challenges in domesticating native plants of Iran-o-Turanian phytogeographical region for Iran’s urban landscaping. Acta Horticulturae, 1190, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1190.10
Kearns, R., & Milligan, C. (2020). Placing therapeutic landscape as theoretical development in Health & Place. Health & Place, 61, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102224
Krukar, J., & Schultz, C. (2025). Ecological validity of architectural cognition: A framework. Architectural Science Review, 68(5), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2024.2410741
Krzeptowska-Moszkowicz, I., Moszkowicz, Ł., & Porada, K. (2022). Urban sensory gardens with aromatic herbs in the light of climate change: Therapeutic potential and memory-dependent smell impact on human wellbeing. Land, 11(5), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050760
Laiyi, L. (2024). Healing gardens from the perspective of oriental gardens therapeutic landscapes. Advances in Humanities Research, 4, 92–104. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7080/4/2024018
Lee, A. C. K., & Maheswaran, R. (2010). The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq068
Lee, J., Kang, M., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2022). Effects of vegetation structure on psychological restoration in an urban rooftop space. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010260
Lefosse, D. C., Naghibi, M., Luo, S., & van Timmeren, A. (2025). Biophilic urbanism across scales: Enhancing urban nature through experience and design. Land, 14(5), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051112
Li, H., & Zhang, G. (2024). How can plant-enriched natural environments benefit human health: A narrative review of relevant theories? International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 34(3), 1241–1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2023.2170990
Li, H., Chen, R., Wu, J., & Ta, N. (2026). How green space quantity and quality across different geographic contexts impact mental health. Cities, 168, 106439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.106439
Li, Q. (2022). Effects of forest environment (Shinrin-yoku/Forest bathing) on health promotion and disease prevention – the establishment of “Forest Medicine.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 27, 43. https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.22-00160
Li, T., An, X., Xue, B., Lai, J., & Yin, C. (2024). Research progress in aromatic plants’ application to healing environment design. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 22, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.12169/zgcsly.2022.07.13.0002
Li, X., Zhu, B.-W., Xiong, L., Li, X.-Y., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2025). Exploring combinations of landscape features in urban green spaces and their recovery effects on minor depression. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 151(1), 04024064. https://doi.org/10.1061/jupddm.upeng-5098
Li, Y., Mao, Y., Mandle, L., Rydström, A., Remme, R. P., Lan, X., Wu, T., Song, C., Lu, Y., & Nadeau, K. C. (2025). Acute mental health benefits of urban nature. Nature Cities, 2 (8), 720–731.
Lin, W., Zeng, C., Bao, Z., & Jin, H. (2023). The therapeutic look up: Stress reduction and attention restoration vary according to the sky-leaf-trunk (SLT) ratio in canopy landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 234, 104730.
Lin, X., Wu, Z., Liu, J., Gao, L., & Zhan, R. (2025). Research on plant characteristics and application strategies for the planning and design of herbal gardens. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1688409. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1688409
Mangan, B. E. (2026). Operational drift: Why validated fatigue induction is the missing link in nature restoration research. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, 1780136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1780136
Marcus, C. C., & Sachs, N. A. (2013). Therapeutic landscapes: An evidence-based approach to designing healing gardens and restorative outdoor spaces. John Wiley & Sons.
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A. M., & Fuertes, E. (2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environmental Research, 158, 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028
Mooney, P. (2019). Planting design: Connecting people and place. Routledge.
Morketo, G. J., Nawaz, A. R., & Gul, S. (2025). Global evidence on enhancing urban ecosystem services through Nature-Based solutions. Discover Sustainability, 7(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02252-z
Mossabir, R., Milligan, C., & Froggatt, K. (2021). Therapeutic landscape experiences of everyday geographies within the wider community: A scoping review. Social Science & Medicine, 279, 113980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113980
Motalebi, G. (2001). Environmental psychology: A new knowledge serving architecture and urban design. Journal of Fine Arts, 10 (0). https://jhz.ut.ac.ir/article_13628.html
Nouri Horzvili, N., Suzanchi, K., & Haghighat Bin, M. (2023). Proposing a conceptual model for health landscape based on perceptual/evolutionary mechanisms. Naqshejahan – Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 13(3), 51–66. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.23224991.1402.13.3.3.4
Ohly, H., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Bethel, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Nikolaou, V., & Garside, R. (2016). Attention restoration theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2016.1196155
Owfi, R. E. (2020). Natural products and botanical medicines of Iran. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003008996
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Paraskevopoulou, A. T., & Kamperi, E. (2018). Design of hospital healing gardens linked to pre-or post-occupancy research findings. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(3), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.05.004
Paraskevopoulou, A. T., Kamperi, E., Demiris, N., Economou, M., Theleritis, C., Kitsonas, M., & Papageorgiou, C. (2018). The impact of seasonal color change in planting on patients with psychotic disorders using biosensors. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 36, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.09.006
Pimentel, H. C. B., Lima, A. P. M. d., & Latawiec, A. E. (2024). Recommendations for implementing therapeutic gardens to enhance human well-being. Sustainability, 16(21), 9502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219502
Razmara, M., & Taghi Pour, M. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of landscape healing components in Iranian gardens and urban parks with a look at gender discourse (case study: Eram Garden and Azadi Park). Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, 8(2), 150–131. https://doi.org/10.22061/jsaud.2020.5751.1555
Rebecchi, A., Brambilla, A., Botta, M., Casino, A., Basta, S., & Capolongo, S. (2023). Therapeutic architecture: Assessment tools and design strategies for healing gardens implementation. In Therapeutic landscape design: Methods, design strategies and new scientific approaches (pp. 47–56). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09439-2_6
Roscoe, C., Mackay, C., Gulliver, J., Hodgson, S., Cai, Y., Vineis, P., & Fecht, D. (2022). Associations of private residential gardens versus other greenspace types with cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality: Observational evidence from UK Biobank. Environment International, 167, 107427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107427
Russo, A., Baresi, U., & Cheshmehzangi, A. (2026). Naturebased solutions in urban regeneration: A review of methods, governance, and future directions. Urban Science, 10(3), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10030130
Sander, M., Klimesch, A., Samaan, L., Kühn, S., Augustin, J., & Ascone, L. (2025). Natural vs. built visual urban landscape elements around the home and their associations with mental and brain health of residents: A narrative review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102559
Schmid, H. L., Nowak, A., Oeljeklaus, L., McCall, T., Hornberg, C., Caspers, B. A., & Zerbe, S. (2024). Greenspaces of psychiatric clinics and patient perceptions: A mixedmethods exploration. People and Nature, 6(4), 1592–1604. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10671
Shahrajabian, M. H. (2022). Powerful stress-relieving medicinal plants for anger, anxiety, depression, and stress during global pandemic. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 16(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872208316666220321102216
Shahvaran, F., & Asadpour, H. (2024). What is the role of urban environment in the citizens’ mental health? Learning from the published studies in Iran. Iranian Urban Design Studies, 1(1), 257–284. https://doi.org/10.22099/UDSI.2024.51674.1013
Sheng, H., Li, X., & Zeng, S. (2024). Unraveling the mediating role of plant color and familiarity on children’s mood in urban landscape. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 23(6), 2091–2099. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2278458
Sillmann, T. A., Marques, P. P., & Mattiuz, C. F. M. (2024). Therapeutic gardens: Historical context, foundations, and landscaping. Ornamental Horticulture, 30, e242701. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v30.e242701
Smyth, F. (2005). Medical geography: Therapeutic places, spaces, and networks. Progress in Human Geography, 29(4), 488–495. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph562pr
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Sommese, F. (2024). Naturebased solutions to enhance urban resilience in the climate change and postpandemic era: A taxonomy for the built environment. Buildings, 14(7), 2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072190
Taheri, S., & Ghasemi Sichani, M. (2021). Compilation of therapeutic gardens design guidelines with emphasis on promoting the health of the elderly with Alzheimer’s – systematic review. Haft Hesar Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(36), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.52547/hafthesar.10.36.9
Taheri, S., & Shabani, A. (2022). Conceptual and practical principles in designing healing gardens for veterans with PTSD with a focus on reducing stress – A narrative review. Journal of Military Medicine, 18(3), 230–241. https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1000635_1667878512cbd057ee5129e9ffcee986.pdf
Taheri, S., et al. (2021). Evaluating the literature of therapeutic landscapes with an emphasis on the search for the dimensions of health: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 275, 113820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113820
Taufer, F., Pálsdóttir, A. M., & Hedblom, M. (2025). Psychological and physiological responses to smells from nature-potential health benefits for urban dwellers. npj Urban Sustainability,  5(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-025-00274-0
Thomas, A., Monsur, M., Lindquist, C. S., Montague, T., & Simpson, C. R. (2024). Evaluation of military service member preferences of landscape design elements in therapeutic gardens. Land, 13(5), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050658
Townsend, M., Henderson-Wilson, C., Ramkissoon, H., & Weerasuriya, R. (2018). Therapeutic landscapes, restorative environments, place attachment, and well-being. In Oxford textbook of nature and public health: The role of nature in improving the health of a population (pp. 57–62). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725916.003.0036
Tuna, A., Ay, B. H., & Karakuş, Ş. (2020). Integration of medicinal and aromatic plants in an urban landscape as a living heritage: An example in Malatya City (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8), 548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08498-6
Tutova, H., Kunakh, O., & Zhukov, O. (2025). Restorative landscapes in urban green infrastructure: The ecological and psychosocial roles of horticultural therapy. Agrology, 8(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.32819/202511
Twohig-Bennett, C., & Jones, A. (2018). The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research, 166, 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030
Uebel, K., Ratcliffe, E., Buchan, C., Butler, S. J., Hanley, N., Higney, A., & Marselle, M. (2025). Natural soundscapes are associated with mental well-being via capacity-building and capacity-restoring pathways. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 102735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102735
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
Van den Bosch, M., & Sang, Å. O. (2017). Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040
Wang, C., Gao, B., Hao, Z., Li, L., Yang, L., & Wendy, Y. (2025). Plant smellscape: A key avenue to connect nature and human well-being. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 107, 128757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128757
Wang, H., Gholami, S., Xu, W., Samavatekbatan, A., Sleipness, O., & Tassinary, L. G. (2024). Where and how to invest in greenspace for optimal health benefits: A systematic review of greenspace morphology and human health relationships. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8(8), e574–e587. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00140-2
Wang, H., Tassinary, L. G., & Newman, G. D. (2024). Developing the health effect assessment of landscape (HEAL) tool: Assessing the health effects of community greenspace morphology design on non-communicable diseases. Landscape and Urban Planning, 244, 104990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104990
Wang, M., Wu, J., & Yan, H. (2023). The effect of horticultural therapy on older adults in pension institutions: A systematic review. Geriatric Nursing, 51, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.02.006
Wang, Q., & Tzortzi, J. N. (2023). Design guidelines for healing gardens in the general hospital. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1288586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1288586
Wang, X., Feng, B., & Wang, J. (2024). Greenness, blue spaces, and human health: An updated umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. medRxiv, 2024-06. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.20.24309223
Wang, Z., Cheng, H., Li, Z., & Wang, G. (2024). Is greener always healthier? Examining the nonlinear relationships between urban green spaces and mental health in Wuhan, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 101, 128543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128543
Williams, A. (2007). Therapeutic landscapes. Ashgate Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315551166
Winterbottom, D., & Wagenfeld, A. (2026). Therapeutic gardens: Design for healing spaces. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003619192
Wood, E., Harsant, A., Dallimer, M., Cronin de Chavez, A., McEachan, R. R., & Hassall, C. (2018). Not all green space is created equal: Biodiversity predicts psychological restorative benefits from urban green space. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02320
World Health Organization. (2023). Assessing the value of urban green and blue spaces for health and wellbeing. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2023-7508-47275-69347
Xia, C., Hu, S., Hu, Z., Yan, Y., & Carrasco, L. R. (2025). Biodiversity-rich recreational areas near cities as a nature-based mental health solution. Nature Cities, 2(6), 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-025-00251-9
Xie, L., & Bulkeley, H. (2020). Nature-based solutions for urban biodiversity governance. Nature Sustainability. 110, 77-87.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.04.002
Xu, Z., Marini, S., Mauro, M., Maietta Latessa, P., Grigoletto, A., & Toselli, S. (2025). Associations between urban green space quality and mental wellbeing: Systematic review. Land, 14(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020381
Yang, T., Wang, J., Jin, J., Hu, X., Li, G., & Huang, J. (2025). Inequalities in residential green space and trajectory of cardio-metabolic multi-morbidity: Different associations by sex and socioeconomic status. Environmental Pollution, 375, 126316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126316
Yoshida, Y., Matsuda, H., Fukushi, K., Takeuchi, K., & Watanabe, R. (2022). The missing intangibles: Nature’s contributions to human wellbeing through place attachment and social capital. Sustainability Science, 17(3), 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01067-x
Zarei, M., & Shahab, S. (2025). Nature-based solutions in urban green infrastructure: A systematic review of success factors and implementation challenges. Land, 14(4), 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040818
Zgarbová, M. (2014). Philosophical and socio-philosophical base of historical garden type development – from continental French formal garden of the 17th century to insular English landscape garden of the 18th century. European Scientific Journal, 2, 381–389.
Zhang, A., & Sun, J. (2025). Research on urban therapeutic landscapes from Ingold’s dwelling perspective. Tropical Geography, 45(11), 2038–2052. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250006
Zhang, Z., Ye, B., Yang, W., & Gao, Y. (2024). Effect of nature space on enhancing humans’ health and well-being: An integrative narrative review. Forests, 15(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010100