مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Design of Urban Public Spaces with Adaptation and Safe Accessibility Approach for the Physically Disabled People (Case Study: Semnan Ghaem Boulevard ) طراحی فضاهای عمومی شهری با رویکرد مناسب سازی و دسترس پذیری ایمن برای معلولین جسمی- حرکتی (نمونه موردی : محدوده بلوار قائم شهر سمنان) 6 23 150032 10.22034/uep.2022.322529.1168 FA فاطمه کرکه آبادی کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران رحیم هاشم پور دانشیار شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران ملیحه باباخانی استادیار شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران 0000-0002-0585-7447 Journal Article 1970 01 01 <strong>Introduction </strong><br />Achieving the growth and development of society requires creating equal and contextual opportunities and how to use the talents and abilities in it. One of these opportunities is the possibility of the presence and mobility of the disabled people as other people in society; Undoubtedly, people with disabilities are part of the members of any society ,which, according to equality of citizenship rights, need to be present in urban public spaces and create social interactions; So, in this study, due to the importance of the subject, an attempt has been made to design and match this type of spaces in one of the most important and busiest boulevards of Semnan city (the area of Ghaem Boulevard as a readable urban public space) in order to solve problems, increase the presence and safe accessibility of the disabled people to these spaces that are the purpose of this research should be addressed because the city and its spaces are not just a system and physical or natural context, but also the context of human life and a place for the emergence of  people’s abilities and creativity, the realization of goals, and the search for their happiness and satisfaction.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />In the present study, the type of study in terms of purpose is applied, and the research method in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and field type. Library and documentary study methods have been used to collect information related to theoretical topics and explain the principles and criteria resulting from this section. The field study method has been used to recognize and investigate the current situation and analyze and evaluate the applicant’s spatial patterns in the study area (conduct practical studies). In collecting field information, methods such as observation, photography, and tools such as a researcher-made questionnaire were used. After analyzing the questionnaires and placing its findings in line with field observations and studies, using the QSPM method to analyze and prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT table and then according to the design indicators mentioned in the theoretical framework section, for each of the strategy extracted, executive solutions are expressed to design and adapt and solve problems in the study area and thus increase the presence of people with disabilities.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The findings of the present study show that in the design and adaptation of urban public spaces in Semnan, such as the area of Ghaem Boulevard, the conditions and needs of the disabled people, especially the physically disabled people, have not been paid much attention and these people in the study area of this research due to many physical problems have many issues and concerns, including lack of easy commuting on sidewalks and streets, lack of ease of access and proper use of public places, spaces and special arrangements for spending leisure time. All these factors have created a disorderly, unhealthy, unsafe, and uncomfortable environment for the presence and efficient use of the disabled people in this area, despite its potential. So, these people rarely enter urban spaces alone. Most of them, due to the lack of suitable conditions for the presence and performance of optional activities, prefer to eliminate this type of activity. They only refer to the area and use it to perform their necessary and obligatory activities.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Based on the results, it was found that our cities today, due to social, managerial, and physical defects, have spaces for the presence of healthy and capable groups and do not accept the reality of people with disabilities, both physically and socially, and have many issues and problems in various fields. Disabled people in these spaces, despite the existence of laws that claim equal citizenship rights with other members of society, in practice due to corrupt and inappropriate designs and far from the minimum standards,  and the lack of executive guarantee of regulations to create appropriate spaces, they are deprived of being present in the community and having safe and easy access to the public spaces of the city and using the facilities available in it and participating in various activities. Thus, principled design and adaptation and compliance with standards, especially in public spaces used by different groups, is the right of all citizens and requires a comprehensive and binding approach. Also, the results of the present study show that by implementing the following strategies, we can help increase the Presence of citizens, especially the physically disabled people. Solutions include adapting sidewalks, streets, public buildings, and urban furniture elements, revising and adapting the case study based on design indicators and urban planning criteria, and providing the conditions in which all people can use these spaces according to their citizenship rights because the adaptation of urban spaces as a physical context for all people to have equal opportunities to move around the city, access to all urban spaces and perform activities in various fields is a necessity for growth and development between human being and the surrounding spaces and in the whole society. Based on this, it can be said that a society whose development orientation (planning, management, design, etc.) is according to the conditions of all people and responds to their needs and problems is a society in which everyone will have comfortable living conditions and will benefit from it دستیابی به رشد و ترقی یک جامعه مستلزم ایجاد فرصت‌های برابر و نیز چگونگی به کارگیری استعدادها و توانایی‌های موجود در آن می‌باشد. یکی از این فرصت‌ها امکان حضور معلولان همانند دیگر افراد در جامعه می‌باشد؛ بی‌تردید افراد معلول براساس تساوی حقوق شهروندی نیازمند حضور در فضاهای عمومی شهری و برقراری تعاملات اجتماعی می‌باشند؛ لذا در پژوهش حاضر سعی بر آن شده است تا با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، به طراحی و مناسب سازی این دسته از فضاها در یکی از مهم‌ترین بلوار شهر سمنان (محدوده بلوار قائم) جهت رفع مشکلات، ارتقاء حضور و قابلیت دسترسی ایمن معلولین به این فضاها که هدف این تحقیق می‌باشد، پرداخته شود. بنابراین پس از مطالعات کتابخانه ای، به بررسی و تحلیل وضع موجود با انجام برداشت میدانی، توزیع پرسشنامه و بهره گرفتن از تکنیک‌های SWOT و QSPM پرداخته شده است. با توجه به تحلیل و بررسی‌های انجام شده، مشکلات اصلی در این محور: عدم تسهیل در عبور و مرور پیاده و سواره، عدم سهولت دسترسی و بهره مندی مناسب از اماکن عمومی، فضاها و تمهیدات ویژه گذران اوقات فراغت می‌باشد. در ادامه، جهت رفع مشکلات، راهبردها و راهکارهای اجرایی ارائه شده است. نتیجه به دست آمده از این مقاله نشان می‌دهد با اجرای راهکارهایی همچون مناسب سازی پیاده روها، خیابان‌ها، ساختمان‌های عمومی، عناصر مبلمان شهری، بازنگری و مناسب سازی محور مطالعاتی براساس شاخص‌های طراحی و ضوابط شهرسازی، می‌توان به ارتقاء حضور شهروندان به ویژه معلولین جسمی- حرکتی کمک کرد. https://www.juep.net/article_150032_19209a8a5875fd49630803a69dc7bbcb.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Analyzing of Creating a Livable Smart City in the City of Tabriz تحلیلی بر ایجاد شهر هوشمند قابل زندگی در شهر تبریز 24 37 161655 10.22034/uep.2022.365191.1286 FA علی زینالی عظیم استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، عضو باشگاه نخبگان و پژوهشگران جوان، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران 0000-0001-5486-8452 سولماز بابازاده اسکوئی استادیار گروه معماری، واحد اسکو، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسکو، ایران 0000-0003-4660-8284 Journal Article 2022 10 12 <strong>Introduction</strong><br /> Smart cities provide better transportation and ease of access, improved social services, urban sustainability, and a better quality of life for their residents. Like most big cities in the world, Tabriz city faces complex problems in the field of population density, air, and noise pollution, providing transportation services, and social and economical housing. Therefore, the formation of a smart city based on smart criteria in the city of Tabriz based on big data can be a great help for the government and city managers in determining the smart city strategy. The reason for the lack of success in the implementation of the smart city is the need for more awareness of the smart city and its management and the effective factors in its formation. Therefore, it is very necessary and vital to identify the effective factors in the formation of the smart city of Tabriz at this time. The purpose of this study is to identify the living conditions in a smart city and its characteristics through the perception of residents (young people) of Tabriz based on a developed model. The criteria for choosing the city's young class is because young people play a critical role in the future of society, they play a major role in the process of creating a more stable and resilient city, and information and communication technology (ITC), which allows communities to adapt to the conditions that have arisen, grown and developed even when faced with difficulties.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The work method is quantitative-qualitative and includes two parts. A survey was conducted based on the theoretical aspects obtained in the review stage of the theoretical foundations and background of the research. The second was based on field studies using a researcher-made questionnaire. In the questionnaire, a five-point Likert spectrum scale was used according to the level of agreement or disagreement of the respondents (1 completely disagree; 5 completely agree), which were part of the structure of the theoretical model. Therefore, to ensure the achievement of a high-quality field to achieve the goals proposed in this study, a systematic literature review method was used, a well-known scientific research method that has been accepted by researchers in various fields. It is a research strategy that defines, from selection to analysis, all the steps necessary to conduct a reliable and accurate bibliographic review. In this research, the articles from authoritative databases were examined. According to these selected articles, the articles that did not belong to scientific journals were excluded. Therefore, after identifying the gap in the theoretical framework and considering the studies conducted on all aspects of the smart city, a study Exploration was conducted through the development of a bibliographic review with a qualitative approach as well as field research with a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the research includes the population of Tabriz city, 1593373 people. The sample size was 384 people based on Cochran's formula. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) were chosen for the quantitative analysis. Then, a correlation matrix was used using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), and its data was analyzed by Smart PLS software. Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS software were also used for descriptive analysis.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The results of significant path analysis showed that all hypotheses are confirmed, as there was no significant difference between the main sample and the sub-samples produced by the statistical technique with critical limits for the t-Student test. When the operational definitions of "characteristics of smart cities" were analyzed, the path analysis of "characteristics of smart cities and the environment" was accepted with the highest β in both samples: the first sample (β=0.822) and the second example (β=0.793). This relationship is related to using information and communication technology to better protect and manage environmental resources and related infrastructure and to create more sustainability. In this context, the technologies developed in the city of Tabriz are considered factors that drive the efficiency of the city and enable the optimal use of resources and reduce environmental impacts, for example, by improving air quality. Citizens of a large metropolis like Tabriz (based on the selected sample) face daily problems such as roadblocks, poor public services, and poor sanitation, as well as air, water, and street pollution, which create disturbances and concerns that require practical solutions. On the other hand, according to the operational settings of smart city features in Tabriz city, the relationship between smart city path analysis features and the economy was the relationship that had the lowest value among all relationships in both sample 1 (0.627) and sample 2 (0.556) and confirmed that the smart city is an innovative urban ecosystem that is characterized by the extensive use of information and communication technology in the management of its resources and structure. However, it is necessary to broaden the concept of the economy with access and information to the people who participated in this survey so that they can be more active in issues related to the spirit of innovation, entrepreneurship, productivity, labor market, international integration,  and ability to change the company. Moreover,  a critical aspect of this structure is related to competition, so it is necessary to invest in the creation of these innovative environments (for example, rooms or co-working spaces) so that one can strengthen the interaction with young people. The results showed that in this model, it was possible to adapt all the features of smart cities. The characteristic of the environment was the case that showed the most relationship in contributing to city efficiency and reducing environmental effects on the quality of cities, and the characteristic of the economy was the case that showed the least relationship.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Finally, it is argued that overall efficiency in all features depends on citizen engagement in public life innovation processes. The smart city is different and useful from other solutions due to its success in the field of innovation, basically depending on the collaborative process that encourages the discovery and creation of ideas in developed environments. حفاظت از شرایط محیطی برای پایداری در راستای افزایش سریع جمعیت شهری در سراسر جهان، نیازمند دانش گسترده‏ای از اقدامات ابتکاری شهر هوشمند است. هدف اصلی تحقیق شناسایی تمایل به زندگی در شهر هوشمند با مشخصه‏های آن براساس ادراک ساکنان جوان شهر با یک مدل توسعه‏یافته است. رویکرد پژوهش تجربی که در اینجا انجام شد، مبتنی بر یک نظرسنجی بود که شامل یک نمونۀ 384 تایی از پرسشنامه‏های معتبر بود. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‏ها از طریق رویکرد کمی چندمتغیره با استفاده از مدل‏سازی معادلۀ ساختاری با برآورد حداقل مربعات جزئی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد در این مدل‌ انطباق تمام ویژگی‏های شهرهای هوشمند امکان‌پذیر بود. ویژگی محیط، موردی بود که بیشترین رابطه را در کمک به کارایی شهر و کاهش اثرات زیست‏محیطی در کیفیت شهرها را نشان داد و ویژگی اقتصاد، موردی بود که کمترین رابطه را نشان داد. در نهایت، استدلال می‏شود که به طور کلی کارایی در همۀ ویژگی‏ها به تعامل شهروندان در فرایندهای نوآوری زندگی عمومی بستگی دارد. شهر هوشمند به دلیل موفقیت در زمینۀ نوآوری، اساساً بسته به فرایند مشارکتی که در محیط‏های توسعه‏یافته و کشف و خلق ایده را تشویق می‏کند، از سایر راه حل‏ها متمایز و مفید است. https://www.juep.net/article_161655_87aabda2d17f284f4be8476a164d4578.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Evaluating the Relationship between Tourism Development, Economic Sustainability and Municipal and Citizenship Incomes (Case Study: Tabriz Metropolis) ارزیابی رابطه‌ی بین توسعه‌ی گردشگری، پایداری اقتصاد و درآمدهای شهرداری و شهروندی (نمونه موردی: کلان‌شهر تبریز) 38 51 161654 10.22034/uep.2022.350113.1255 FA حسن احمدزاده استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران 0000-0001-5178-0164 خدیجه پورهمراه دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران‌ Journal Article 2022 10 08 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />The tourism industry, playing an influential role in the economic processes of countries in the case of development and sustainability, has positive effects such as job creation, income generation, circulation, and foreign exchange attraction through domestic and foreign visitors, which can be mentioned as its power to generate income as the third industry in the world after the oil industry and automobile industry. Increasing stable and appropriate income is one of the economic effects of this industry, so the share of gross domestic income of countries from tourism reaches more than ten percent. Tourism is one of the critical economic pillars in many cities, which plays a vital role in creating and earning a stable income, employment, infrastructure protection, and increasing the quality of urban public services. Therefore, it causes the mobility of the urban economy and its correct movement in the path of sustainable development. East Azarbaijan province, centered on Tabriz, by registering more than 1800 works registered in the cultural sectors and tourist attractions in the UNESCO list, has made this province rank in the fifth rank of provinces with tourism potential in Iran. The city of Tabriz has been called one of the country's seven cultural and historical cities, according to the official documents and recorded cultural records. Tabriz has a high potential for tourism development due to its location on four transportation routes and the presence of numerous valuable cultural and historical attractions. Economic activities in this city are concentrated in the sectors of heavy and light manufacturing industries, food industries, crafts and arts, trade and services, and tourism, so Tabriz is the headquarters of four brands out of 100 prestigious brands in Iran. The presence of numerous historical, cultural, and artistic buildings with a long history has made the metropolis of Tabriz capable of developing and attracting tourists from neighboring cities and provinces, tourists from other parts of the country, and tourists from abroad in terms of tourism.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The current research is of an applied and survey nature. Moreover, the current research is descriptive-analytical. Library and field methods have been used to collect data. In this research, a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The statistical population of this research includes two categories of managers (Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization managers and Tabriz Municipality managers) and tourism industry stakeholders (hoteliers and companies active in the field of travel services). Therefore, in this research, by default, 60 questionnaires have been considered for each group of the statistical population and a total of 120 questionnaires. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in the SPSS 25 environment. Means, frequency tables, frequency percentages, and graphs were used in descriptive statistical methods, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression test, and SWOT analytical model were used in inferential statistical methods. In order to check the validity (reliability) of the measurement tool of the current research, it has been accompanied by the guidance of university professors and related managers to determine how well the questions represent the content and objectives of the research; Content and form validity methods and techniques have been used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure the reliability of the research questionnaire. In such a way that according to each variable, the questionnaire was given to the professors and experts of the mentioned field, and it was calculated in SPSS software; Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each economic, managerial, infrastructure, and policy variable, respectively, 0.938, 0.911, 857. and 0.887 was obtained.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The analysis of the data obtained from the descriptive statistics shows that the average of the economic variable among the sample is 3.05, the average of the managerial variable is 3.52, and the average of the infrastructure variable is 3.31. The average of the policy variable is 3.22. In the inferential statistics section, Pearson's correlation test was used to discover the relationship between economic stability and municipal and citizen incomes with tourism development. According to these tests, the Sig(significance level) is 0.000, and since this figure is smaller than the desired alpha (0.05) with a confidence interval of 0.95, the relevant variables are linearly dependent, and the relationship between these two variables is confirmed. The correlation coefficient is 0.713, which shows a high correlation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of tourism has a positive, significant, and direct effect on the stability of the economy and the incomes of the municipality and citizens of the metropolis of Tabriz. Regression variance analysis or ANOVA also confirms the linearity of the relationship between the two variables of tourism development and economic stability and income in the municipality and citizenship of Tabriz metropolis because Sig is less than 5%. The results of the regression analysis show that for each unit of change in the independent variable, 0.71 changes in the dependent variable; It means that by changing each unit in the development of tourism with 0.71 certainties, it can be said that it can be changed in the dependent variable or economic stability and municipal income and citizenship. Also, the results showed that the total sum of strengths and opportunities, with an average of 3.2,2, is superior to the total sum of weaknesses and threats, with a total average of 2.5. Also, according to the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors, since the final score of the evaluation of internal factors (IFE) is 22.3, which is the final profile of the review of external factors (EFE) is 2.5, the type of aggressive strategy is superior to other strategies. Since offensive strategy is a combination of strengths and opportunities, strengths and opportunities are superior to weaknesses and threats.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Today, the sustainability of the urban economy is not a need. Still, as a leading necessity in the sustainability of the urban system, it has been noticed by experts and urban managers, and in this context, the tourism industry as a solution to stimulate and facilitate growth and development, with a long-term perspective in the program. Urban planning can lead societies toward sustainable development. The present study was conducted to analyze the effects of urban tourism development on the stability of the economy and the income of the municipality and citizens in Tabriz city. The results of the surveys showed that the development of tourism has a positive, significant, and direct effect on the stability of the economy and the incomes of the municipality and the citizens of the metropolis of Tabriz. Finally, by assessing the results of the SWOT analysis, it was determined that the most suitable strategy for developing tourism in the metropolis of Tabriz is an aggressive strategy. Therefore, by considering the above and the need to pay attention to it in the planning of tourism development in Tabriz city, we can hope for an increase in the income of the municipality and citizens and the stability of the Tabriz metropolis economy. Planning for the sustainable development of tourism and identifying the strengths and weaknesses, potentials and limitations should be in line with the plans and goals of the managers and other guardians of tourism in this region. In general, the current research can be the basis of macro-scale evaluation. گردشگری از پررونق‏ترین فعالیت‏های اقتصادی و به‏روزترین صنعت خدماتی از نظر درآمدزایی محسوب می‏شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات توسعۀ گردشگری در پایداری اقتصاد و درآمد شهرداری و شهروندی در کلان‏شهر تبریز است. رویکرد حاکم بر این پژوهش، توسعه‏ای‌ـ کاربردی و روش تحقیق به شیوۀ توصیفی، تحلیلی است. جامعۀ آماری در این تحقیق شامل دو گروه مدیران شهرداری و سازمان میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری کلان‏شهر تبریز و ذی‌نفعان صنعت گردشگری (هتلداران و شرکت‏های فعال در حوزۀ خدمات مسافرتی) می‌شود. قلمروی مکانی پژوهش نیز کلان‏شهر تبریز است. برای تجزیه‌‏و‌تحلیل داده و داده‏ها، از آزمون‏های ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون چندمتغیره در محیط نرم‌افزار SPSS 25 و تحلیلSWOT  استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن است که ضریب همبستگی بین توسعۀ گردشگری بر پایداری اقتصاد و درآمدهای شهرداری و شهروندی کلان‏شهر 713/0 است که همبستگی بالایی را نشان می‏دهد. ضریب استاندارد‌شدۀ (ضریب Beta) آن نیز 713/0 است که نشان می‏دهد به ازای هر واحد تغییر در متغیر مستقل، 710/0 در متغیر وابسته تغییر ایجاد می‏شود. درنهایت، با بررسی نتایج حاصل از تحلیل SWOT نیز مشخص شد که مناسب‏ترین استراتژی برای توسعۀ گردشگری در کلان‏شهر تبریز، استراتژی تهاجمی است. مهم‏ترین استراتژی‏های تهاجمی که رتبۀ نخست را از نظر اهمیت در توسعۀ گردشگری کلان‏شهر تبریز دارند، وجود صنایع‏ دستی متنوع و با ارزش مانند فرش، قیمت‏های سطح پایین در بخش خدماتی است که لزوم توجه به آن در برنامه‏ریزی‏های توسعۀ گردشگری در شهر تبریز می‏تواند به افزایش درآمد برای شهرداری و شهروندان و پایداری اقتصاد در کلان‏شهر تبریز کمک شایانی کند. https://www.juep.net/article_161654_f32da4db727e2ac5f804a19de0fe3144.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Explain the Criteria for Promoting a Sense of Attachment to a Place with the Design Led Planning Approach (Parand City) تبیین معیارهای ارتقاء حس دلبستگی به مکان با رویکرد برنامه ریزی طراحی محور (شهر پرند) 52 63 160722 10.22034/uep.2022.365320.1287 FA مریم بهروزی پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی ، دانشکده عمران، هنر و معماری ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران، ایران. حمید ماجدی استاد گروه شهرسازی ، دانشکده عمران ، هنر و معماری ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران ، ایران. زهرا سادات سعیده زرآبادى دانشیارگروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ عمران، هنر و معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3757-2809 Journal Article 2022 10 12 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />The sense of attachment to a place is one of the most important components of quality in urban spaces, which has semantic, emotional, and functional factors. This feeling takes place after understanding and judging the environment. In the case of satisfaction, it causes the optimal use of the environment and ultimately causes the continuation of the presence of individuals. In the evaluation and experiences of the implementation of urban development projects in the world and especially in our country, it has been proven that these projects have had little success in creating a qualified urban environment. In this regard, a new approach to preparing urban development plans with an approach to the city and an integrated vision called design-oriented planning has been proposed, which is a general process to connect planning to design. This topic is a product-oriented design that pays attention to all dimensions: physical, economic, social, psychological, perceptual, and visual. As one of the five cities around Tehran, Parand city is of special importance due to its location and characteristics.   Its special place is due to its special place to organize the population and the activity of the urban complex in the master plan and the plan of the urban complex of Tehran, i.e., the plans beyond it. Moreover, Parand city has a special regional location, which is strategic in terms of location. This research seeks the question of how design-based planning as an approach to improve the quality of the urban environment can be used to formulate a model to improve the sense of attachment to the place as one of the most important components of quality in Parand city. The key goal of this research in this direction is to determine the criteria for improving the sense of attachment to the place as an important dimension in improving the quality of urban life, emphasizing the Design-Led planning approach in Parand city.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />In this research, according to the purpose and nature of the research, the combined or mixed exploratory research method has been used. In the first stage, the theoretical foundations, studies, and background related to the sense of attachment to place and design-oriented planning were analyzed and compiled systematically. In order to ensure the validity of the qualitative part, the opinions of professors and scientific experts and the theory of experts were used. The inductive content analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. Therefore, in this section, with the help of open, central, and selective coding, the content categories in the studied model that was available in the literature and documents of the research subject have been searched, and finally, after coding, the research analysis model has been presented. In the second step, in the quantitative method, the questionnaire was made from qualitative data, and the face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, supervisors, and consultants. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, regression, and correlation tests were also used to analyze the data.<br /> <br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />Based on the obtained results, it is determined that according to the conceptual model of the research, there is a significant relationship between all the variables of the research. In other words, there is a kind of convergence between the design and the planning criteria of the design-oriented planning variable and the criteria of place dependence and place identity variables of place attachment, that is, by promoting the criteria of place identity, place dependence, design-oriented planning, one can feel an attachment to Improve the location.<br />Furthermore, the effect of place identity, place dependence, and design-oriented planning in order to promote place attachment is positive and meaningful.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion </strong><br />In this regard, the sense of attachment to the place was considered as a central category, and three factors of place identity, dependence on the place, and design-oriented planning (as an influential element and innovation in research) were identified as elements influencing the sense of attachment to the place. According to the findings of this research and the conceptual model of the research, there is a positive and significant correlation between all research variables, in other words, between the design and the planning factors, the design-oriented planning variable, and the criteria of place dependence and place identity, the variable of attachment to a certain place. There is convergence, that is, by improving the criteria of place identity, place dependence, and design-oriented planning, the sense of attachment to place can be improved in Parand city. In examining the authenticity of the claim of the existence of the effect of place identity, place dependence, design-oriented planning, and design factors in the second phase of Parand city on promoting the sense of attachment, since their significance level is less than 5%, their effect is accepted in the direction of promoting attachment to the place. Considering the background of the research and examining the results of the current research with recent research, it can be acknowledged that the missing element in recent research is the role of the design-oriented planning approach in promoting the sense of attachment to the place because in the evaluation and experiences of the implementation of the project Urban development projects in the world and especially in our country have proven that urban development projects have had little success in creating a quality urban environment. Therefore, various urban thinkers have supported the presence of quality-oriented thinking specific to urban design in all scales (macro and micro) of urban development plans to create a quality environment, and thus a new approach in preparing urban development plans with a visionary approach to the city. They were integrated into the name of design-oriented planning. In this research, the role of this factor was investigated by identifying the relevant indicators that can be of great help to urban designers. حس دلبستگی به مکان به عنوان زنجیره‌ای میان افراد و محیط‌های معنادار است که مبنای تعامل عاطفی مثبت انسان با فضاست که به عنوان بعد مهمی در بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری است. از طرفی، برنامه‌ریزی طراحی‌محور نیز به عنوان رویکردی میانی بین برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی به عنوان تفکری کیفیت‌گرا به دنبال پاسخ‌گویی به مسائل کیفی موجود در شهر است. بنابراین، مسئله تحقیق، رسوخ مباحث کیفی در مقیاس‌های کلان است. هدف از این مطالعه، تبیین معیارهای ارتقای حس دلبستگی به مکان با تأکید بر رویکرد برنامه‌ریزی طراحی‌محور در شهر جدید پرند که دارای جاذبه‌های تاریخی‌ـ فرهنگی و طبیعی و موقعیت استقراری مناسب است. روش این پژوهش، آمیخته اکتشافی است که پس از بررسی مبانی نظری و پیشینۀ پژوهش و تجزیه‌وتحلیل کیفی سوابق موضوعی، از روش تحلیل محتوای استقرایی و روش کدگذاری در بخش کیفی استفاده شد. در بخش کمی پس از توزیع 394 پرسشنامه، از روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و PLS و آزمون‌های کولموگروف‌ـ اسمیرنف و رگرسیون و همبستگی استفاده شد. با توجه به نتایج آزمون، بین کلیۀ متغیرهای پژوهش، همبستگی وجود دارد. فرضیات اصلی پژوهش بیان می‌کنند که سه عامل هویت مکان، وابستگی به مکان و عوامل برنامه‌ریزی طراحی محور بر ارتقای حس دلبستگی به مکان تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارند. با آزمون فرضیه می‌توان اظهار داشت که با ارتقای مؤلفه‌های محیطی‌ـ زمینه‏ای، احساسی‌ـ عاطفی، اجتماعی‌ـ مشارکتی، کالبدی، فرهنگی‌ـ اعتقادی، شناختی‌ـ ادراکی، طراحی و برنامه ‏ریزی، حس دلبستگی به مکان در شهر پرند ارتقای پیدا می کند. https://www.juep.net/article_160722_54ee84da0353a9933c49b413ef6c22ba.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Investigating the Structure of Sustainable Urban Incomes and Calculating the Value Added Tax Gap of Tehran Municipality بررسی‌ ساختار درآمدهای پایدار شهری و محاسبه شکاف مالیات بر ارزش افزوده شهرداری تهران 64 75 161881 10.22034/uep.2022.368406.1297 FA حجت ایزدخواستی استادیار اقتصاد دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 11 03 <strong>Introduction </strong><br />Municipalities, as the main pillar of urban management, need sustainable revenues to provide sustainable management and organize the city. Dependence on non-continuous and unstable revenues of municipalities, including construction income and lack of executive guarantee necessary to obtain tolls and legal revenue, have caused instability in their revenues. Finally, it is possible to amend the relevant law in the following periods by recognizing the jurisdictional and subject defects and guaranteeing the implementation of the value-added tax law and the methods of solving them. This will reduce the conflicts between the tax affairs organization and the municipalities. The share of Value-Added Tax in the revenue sources of Tehran Municipality has been about 20%. So, the main problem of this research is to investigate the structure of sustainable urban revenues and calculate the amount of lost VAT revenue of Tehran Municipality due to the policy gap (pursuing specific government policy goals through tax exemptions, setting the threshold and tax credit) and the compliance gap (tax avoidance, evasion, and fraud), during the years of implementation of the VAT law.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The VAT gap is calculated using Mackenzie’s (1991) method and Input-Output Table and applying data on economic activities in Tehran in the International Classification System (ISIC. The first step in calculating the tax gap is to calculate the potential capacity of value-added tax based on consumption, where investment expenses and export of goods and services are deducted from the tax base, and the import of goods and services is added to the value-added tax base. Moreover, in calculating the legal tax base, the value of tax-exempt goods and services is deducted from the potential base, and the amount of double taxation during the production-distribution chain is added to the tax base.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />Based on the calculations made in 2017, the potential revenue from VAT was equal to 24 thousand billion tomans, of which the government’s share was 16 thousand billion tomans, and the share of Tehran Municipality was 8 thousand billion tomans. Additionally, the value-added tax gap was equal to 18.8 thousand billion tomans, of which 12.4 thousand billion tomans was the policy gap and 6.3 thousand billion tomans were the compliance gap. The government’s share of the policy gap was 8.3 thousand billion tomans, and the share of Tehran municipality was 4.1 thousand billion tomans. The government’s share of the compliance gap was 4.2 thousand billion tomans, and the share of Tehran Municipality was 2.1 thousand billion tomans.<br />The results show that the ratio of policy gap to potential VAT in Tehran was 51.7%, and the ratio of compliance gap was 26.2%. In other words, about 78 percent of potential tax revenue has yet to be received as a result of the policy and compliance gap. Therefore, clearing up the ambiguities and challenges of implementing the VAT law and completing its provisions in the field of guaranteeing the implementation and updating of beneficiaries, processes, rates, exemptions, scope, and threshold of exemption play an essential role in reducing the VAT gap and increase the sustainable income of the government and municipalities.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />In recent decades, unstable incomes have been one of the most critical measurements of municipalities’ income, which is obtained from ways such as the sale of density and the issuance of building permits. This factor causes stagnation in the budget deficit of municipalities during fluctuations in the economy, which has caused many problems for the cities of our country. Value-added tax as a sustainable income of municipalities has had a share of 20% of Tehran municipality’s revenue resources. Still, its implementation has had flaws in jurisdictional, subject, and enforcement areas. Based on this, articles 123 and 138 specify the method of distribution of tolls. However, the basic issue, which is the guarantee of the collection of tolls, is still uncertain. Regarding the issue of guaranteeing the collection of tolls by municipalities and the necessity of strengthening the fields of local tolls and related foundations and innovative categories in this field with the approach of income stabilization, the bill under consideration in the parliament lacks a reliable ruling. What has been seen from the latest amendments and omissions of the plan due to the objections of the Guardian Council and the views of the commission in the Islamic Council is far from the strategies contained in Article 174 of the Fifth Development Plan Law and other requirements for stabilizing municipal income.<br />In this research, the potential value-added tax capacity of the Tehran government and municipality has been calculated using the data-output table, and by deducting the exemptions and adding the effect of the tax cascade, the legal base of the value-added tax has been calculated. Finally, by calculating the potential and legal income of value-added tax, the policy gap and the gap of non-compliance caused by the application of the value-added tax system have been calculated based on the share of Tehran Municipality and the government. The obtained results indicate that the ratio of policy gap and compliance of value-added tax to the potential base of value-added tax in Tehran city was 53% and 27%, respectively. In other words, about 80% of the potential tax capacity has yet to be collected.<br />Considering the flaws in the areas of competence, subject matter, and the guarantee of the implementation of the value-added tax law, in this research, it is suggested that by removing the flaws in the implementation of the value-added tax law and completing its provisions in the field of guaranteeing the implementation and updating the subjects, processes, rates, Exemptions, the scope of inclusion and the threshold of exemption, important steps to be taken in order to strengthen the fields of local taxes and related foundations and innovative categories in this field with the approach of stabilizing incomes and reducing the tax gap and increasing the sustainable income of the government and municipalities. شهرداری‌ها به عنوان رکن ‌اصلی مدیریت ‌شهری در راستای ارائه مدیریتی‌ پایدار و ساماندهی شهر، نیازمند درآمدهای پایدار هستند. وابستگی به درآمدهای غیرمستمر و ناپایدار شهرداری‌ها از جمله درآمد ساخت و ساز، نداشتن ضمانت اجرایی لازم برای کسب عوارض و درآمد‌های قانونی باعث ناپایداری در درآمدهای آنها شده است. سهم مالیات بر ارزش افزوده در درآمدهای شهرداری تهران حدود 20 درصد بوده است. بنابراین، مسأله اصلی این پژوهش بررسی‌ ساختار درآمدهای پایدار شهری و محاسبه مقدار درآمد مالیات بر ارزش افزوده از دست رفته شهرداری تهران به دلیل شکاف سیاستی (تعقیب اهداف خاص سیاستی دولت از طریق معافیت‌های مالیاتی، تعیین حد آستانه و اعتبار مالیاتی) و شکاف تمکین (اجتناب، فرار و تقلب مالیاتی) طی سال‌های اجرای قانون مالیات بر ارزش افزوده است. در این راستا، با استفاده از روش مکنزی (1991) و جدول داده- ستانده و بکارگیری داده‌های فعالیت‌های اقتصادی شهر تهران در نظام طبقه‌بندی بین‌المللی (ISIC)، شکاف مالیات بر ارزش افزوده محاسبه می‌شود. نتایج حاصل شده بیانگر این است که نسبت شکاف سیاستی به درآمد بالقوه مالیات بر ارزش افزوده در شهر تهران 7/51 درصد و نسبت شکاف تمکین 2/26 درصد بوده است. به عبارت دیگر، حدود 78 درصد از درآمد بالقوه مالیاتی در نتیجه شکاف سیاستی و تمکین وصول نشده است. بنابراین، رفع ابهامات و چالش‌های اجرای قانون مالیات بر ارزش افزوده و تکمیل احکام آن در زمینه ضمانت اجرا و روزآمدسازی مشمولین، فرآیندها، نرخ‌ها، معافیت‌ها، دامنه شمول و آستانه معافیت نقش مهمی در کاهش شکاف مالیات بر ارزش افزوده و افزایش درآمد پایدار دولت و شهرداری‌ها دارد. https://www.juep.net/article_161881_6db09adb4a2e4af01959a202a1b5baee.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 The Effect of Vertical Green Surfaces in Improving the Quality of Urban Climate With an Emphasis on Improving Air Pollution and Temperature Parameters (Monograph Case Study: Green Wall of Nature Bridge, Tehran) تاثیر سطوح سبز عمودی در ارتقای کیفیت آب و هوای شهری با تاکید بر بهبود پارامترهای آلودگی هوا و دما (مورد پژوهی تک نگاری: دیوار سبز پل طبیعت، تهران) 76 83 163738 10.22034/uep.2022.365805.1292 FA مریم آزموده استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین، ایران نجمه ماستری فراهانی استادیار، گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده دختران کرج (17شهریور)، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای، کرج، ایران 0000-0003-4569-0423 Journal Article 2022 10 15 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />Tehran is not a suitable place for pedestrians today. Air pollution and rising temperatures are the most important issues that cause this. Considering the existing density in urban spaces, one of the solutions that don't occupy the land area while having plants and enjoying their benefits is vertical and horizontal green surfaces or in other words, green walls and roofs.<br />Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the urban green wall on air pollution and temperature. In this study, the Hedera helix plant of the green wall of Tehran Tabiat Bridge has been selected for further analysis of the subject. What will be investigated in this research is the effect of urban green walls on two factors including temperature and air pollution. Considering that the increase in air pollution can be a significant factor in creating global warming, and the temperature rise also leads to an increase in the number of secondary pollutants, these two parameters directly affect each other. Hence the difference between this research and the previous studies is that both of mentioned factors are questioned here. Furthermore, another difference is that most of the past research had examined urban walls in direct connection with the pollution caused by street traffic; however, in this research, the green wall of Tabiat Bridge, which is located at a height of almost 40 meters with markable distance from streets and pollutants such as cars, has been investigated. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research has been questioned in two phases. This hypothesis can be expressed in the form of this statement that the use of creeping plants including Hedera helix in urban green walls has an effective role in reducing air pollution and adjusting air temperature in hot seasons. This research aims to answer these questions, how much do plants growing in urban green walls reduce pollution and air temperature? According to the types of these plants, how far from the green wall this reduction may happen, and to what extent is it effective?<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />In two phases, this study measured the extent and effect of the green wall on temperature changes and pollutants in the air. In the first phase, temperature changes were measured by four data loggers simultaneously at distances of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 (points A, B, C, and D respectively) from the green wall and a height of 1.5 meters from the bottom of the bridge. Field harvesting was done in three days of the summer season (July 5 to 8) from 10:00 to 14:00. (The average temperature in these three days is listed each half hour in the graphs.). According to previous research results, the green wall's temperature effects happen regardless of the type of plant. Therefore, this phase of the study was carried out regardless of the type of hedera helix. The second phase was done by sampling the plants on the wall, checking the amount of sulfate and nitrate pollutants in it, and comparing this amount with the values ​​of previous research. The reason for choosing these two pollutants in this research is the predominant volume of these two pollutants caused by the traffic of cars in polluted urban air. In the sample studied in this research, there are two types of Gracilis and Pedata Hedera helix plants, and in addition to the total absorption of the pollutant by the plant, the amount of absorption of these two species has also been compared with each other.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The results of this study indicate the effect of Hedera helix plant on temperature reduction. In hot seasons, it is effective only about 0.5 meters from its wall and it is not effective in further points. At best, the effect of temperature reduction of this wall occurred at point A with a distance of zero from the wall, about 0.8 °C, in comparison to points C and D with temperatures close to the outside air. The results of the second phase show that in the hooded Hedera helix type, the absorption rate of sulfate is 2 times and nitrate absorption is about 1.2 times more than the green type. To determine the amount of air quality, the more pollutants plants have absorbed, the more effective they will be in improving air quality by reducing pollutants. Therefore, in this research, it was shown that Pedata Hedera helix works more effectively than Gracilis Hedera helix to reduce air pollution.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Based on the results of this research, creating green walls using cheap plants, compatible with Tehran's climate and with rapid capital growth in Tehran can be used as an effective solution to absorb pollution caused by urban traffic and vehicle fuel. Furthermore, a comparison of two samples of the bridge and urban sample indicates an 18 times increase in sulfate concentration and 6.8 times in the nitrate concentration in the urban sample compared to Tabiat bridge. As a result of analyzing and comparing the example of the green wall of Tabiat bridge with other urban green walls, it can be concluded that being away from the polluting source as well as creating a covered space in order to control the radiation factor increases the efficiency and effectiveness of these green walls.  In addition to reducing pollutants, the effect of green surfaces in temperature adjustment is a very key factor. Although the effect of these walls in temperature reduction just happens in the close spaces near the wall, taking into account that the use of these green systems can happen on an extended scale the result will be remarkable. Considering the pollution conditions of cities today and proving the effectiveness of green walls in solving this problem, this issue will continue to be very important in creating sustainable cities in future research. Among the proposed topics, we can mention the effect of different implementation methods and the type of climbing plants or implementation system used in the green wall, and their efficiency and effectiveness. شهر تهران امروز محل مناسبی برای شهروندان پیاده نیست. آلودگی هوا و افزایش دما از مهم‏ترین مسائلی هستند که موجب این امر می‏شوند. بنابراین، ‏پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر استفاده از جدارۀ سبز شهری بر آلودگی هوا و دما می_‏پردازد. در این پژوهش گیاه روندۀ پاپیتال دیوار سبز پل طبیعت تهران برای واکاوی بیشتر موضوع انتخاب شده است. این پژوهش در دو فاز میزان و چگونگی تأثیر جدارۀ سبز در تغییرات دما و آلاینده‏های موجود در هوا را سنجیده است. در فاز نخست با استفاده از دستگاه دیتالاگر دما در فواصل مشخصی از جداره برداشت شد. فاز دوم با استفاده از نمونه‏برداری از گیاهان جداره و بررسی میزان آلاینده‏ها در آن و همچنین، مقایسۀ این میزان با مقادیر پژوهش‏های پیشین انجام گرفت. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش بیانگر تأثیر گیاه پاپیتال در کاهش دما تنها تا فاصلۀ حدود 5/0 متری از جدارۀ آن است. در بهترین حالت اثر کاهش دمایی این جداره در نقطۀ A با فاصلۀ صفر از جداره، حدود 9/0 درجۀ سانتی‌گراد اختلاف نسبت به نقطۀ C با فاصلۀ 1 متر از جداره با دمای نزدیک به هوای بیرون اتفاق افتاده است. نتایج فاز دوم نشان می‏دهد در نوع پاپیتال ابلق میزان جذب سولفات 2 برابر و جذب نیترات حدود 2/1 برابر نسبت به نوع سبز است. همچنین، مقایسۀ دو نمونه پل طبیعت و نمونۀ شهری نشان‌دهندۀ افزایش 18 برابری غلظت سولفات و 8/6 برابری غلظت نیترات در نمونۀ شهری نسبت به پل طبیعت، به دلیل فاصله از منبع آلاینده است. https://www.juep.net/article_163738_981ca71c026985ce57ffc90547151775.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Housing Pricing Under Study: District 5 of Tehran تحلیلی بر مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر قیمت‌گذاری مسکن مورد پژوهی: منطقه 5 شهر تهران 84 97 163297 10.22034/uep.2022.363115.1284 FA لیلا معصومی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران محمدرضا پورمحمدی استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران رسول قربانی استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-5000-2464 Journal Article 2022 09 21 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />With the beginning of the land reform program in 1963 and with the collapse of the feudal system, a large wave of new population and labor force applying for land and housing went to the cities. As a result, construction activities and related economic activities intensified. The land, in economic activities, is sometimes produced as input and sometimes as a durable commodity. It creates attractiveness for people, and the demand for it increases in inflationary conditions. In these conditions, with the increase in demand, housing prices increase. Micro and macro factors that are effective in determining housing prices can be divided into two categories of external stimuli, such as the increase in the volume of money and liquidity, inflation, capital market, stock market, and in general, the factors that are rooted in macroeconomic and political activities. Internal drivers can be referred to as the price of land, the price of consumables, branches, and the cost of wages. In the neoclassical approach, land as an attractive input needs mechanisms to coordinate it according to demand and add to its capital value. According to economists such as Lancaster, Muth, and Rosen, the characteristics of goods are significant for consumers, and what is desirable for them is the quality of the product.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />Considering the nature of the subject, the present research is of an applied type with a descriptive-analytical approach. The data collection tool was based on library and survey methods. Library studies were used to formulate theoretical foundations and background and identify research variables. In the next step, real estate consultants in Tehran Municipality’s Region five were questioned by the survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. Then, the factors that affected housing prices in the study area during 2011-2021 were investigated. A multivariate regression analysis method was used using the Hedonic function to analyze the correlation between the variables. Furthermore, SPSS and EV<br />views 10 were used to analyze the data.<br /><strong>Results</strong><br />The analysis of the factors affecting housing prices in the Tehran Region five showed that out of 33 variables in structural, accessibility, and environmental dimensions, the coefficients of 28 variables were significant at the error level of 0.5. Among the physical variables affecting the price of housing, the floor area at 0.193, the building age at 0.166, the selection of suitable materials at 0.151, the location of the unit on the floors, especially the middle ones at 0.143, and the possibility of direct lighting (being towards the north or south direction of the housing) at 0.125 had a positive and significant effect on the housing price; for one unit of change in the mentioned variables, the housing price is increased. Among the accessibility variables, the distance between residential units to the nearest park and green space, that of residential units to the nearest educational centers, and that of residential units to the nearest public transportation station (metro, BRT, bus station, or taxi station) (-0.143, -0.124, -0.106, respectively) had a negative and significant effect on housing prices. The distance between residential units from the mentioned variables <strong>was</strong> effective in reducing housing prices. Among the environmental variables, the distance from narrow streets (-0.095) and the increase in traffic level (-0.087) decreased the housing price. Based on the one-sample t-test results, physical and structural indicators were the most important factors influencing the increase in housing prices, and accessibility and environmental components affected increasing housing prices, respectively. Pearson's parametric test results indicated a positive or direct correlation between structural indicators and housing prices. The coefficients obtained from this test showed that the correlation in structural, accessibility, and environmental indices were 0.659, 0.487, and 0.441, respectively. Moreover, the intensity of the influence of indices on housing prices using multivariable regression was (0.757).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Providing housing at a reasonable price is always considered a fundamental necessity in urban housing planning. From the point of view of microeconomics, housing is an immovable commodity, heterogeneous and dependent on a specific location, which, compared to others, is affected by various structural, spatial, and human variables in its valuation. This research analyzed the factors affecting housing prices in the Tehran Region five and indicated the way the micro factors increase housing prices. The hedonic function of housing for Tehran Region five was divided into structural, accessibility, and environmental dimensions to achieve the research goal. The results showed that among the mentioned components, the floor area, the year of construction, the materials of the housing, the location of the unit on the floors and the north-south direction of the housing, the distance of the residential units to the nearest park and green space, that of the residential units to the nearest educational center, that of residential units to the nearest public transportation station, alley and street width, and alley and street traffic conditions were significant variables in housing prices. The correlation test results showed a positive correlation between structural, accessibility, and environmental components on housing prices. In examining the rates of coefficients according to the regression test, it was found that the structural, accessibility, and environmental indicators directly influenced the housing price. Identifying the dimensions affecting housing prices can play a vital role in predicting and controlling housing prices, checking the quality of construction and living environment, and consumer preferences. در حال حاضر مسکن بعنوان بزرگ‌ترین چالش در کلان شهر تهران محسوب می‌شود که با بیشترین میزان افزایش نوسان قیمت روبه‌رو بوده است. براساس گزارش مرکز آمار ایران طی سالهای (1399-1394) در تهران حدود 28.675 واحد مسکونی پروانه ساختمانی صادر شده است که در این بین بر اساس تعداد معاملات انجام شده در تهران، منطقه پنج تهران بیشترین حجم معاملات خرید و فروش مسکن را به خود اختصاص داده است. ازاین‌رو هدف پژوهش شناسایی عوامل موثر بر قیمت مسکن در منطقه 5 شهر تهران می باشد. روش تحقیق مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و پیمایشی می باشد. از مطالعات کتابخانه ای برای تدوین مبانی نظری، پیشینه و شناسایی متغیرهای پژوهش استفاده گردید. سپس متغیرها در ابعاد (ساختاری، دسترسی و محیطی) تقسیم بندی گردیدند. در مرحله بعد با روش پیمایشی از بین 78 مشاورین املاک در منطقه 5 تهران پرسشگری صورت گرفت؛ از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و EViews 10 در بخش تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات پرسشنامه استفاده گردیده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد در بین مؤلفه‌های فیزیکی ساختمان، متغیر زیربنا، استفاده از مصالح مرغوب، قرارگیری واحد در طبقات و از میان متغیرهای دسترسی فاصله تا فضای سبز و پارک، فاصله تا مراکز آموزشی، فاصله تا نزدیکترین ایستگاه حمل و نقل عمومی و در بین متغیرهای محیطی عرض کوچه و وضعیت ترافیکی آن عوامل مؤثر بر قیمت مسکن بوده است. افزون بر آن نتایج تحلیل آماری نشان می‌دهد که به ترتیب شاخص‌های ساختاری، دسترسی، محیطی بر قیمت مسکن به ‌طور مستقیم تأثیرگذار بوده‌اند. https://www.juep.net/article_163297_af813d4db2f83aa0f921c4beadff8c30.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Evaluating the Effects of Megamalls on the Surrounding Areas (Case Studies: Laleh Park, Setareh Baran and Ipac Palace Megamalls in Tabriz بررسی تاثیرات مگامال‌ها بر روی محدوده‌های پیرامونی (نمونه موردی: لاله پارک، ستاره باران و ایپک پالاس شهر تبریز) 98 113 163594 10.22034/uep.2022.365581.1289 FA جواد ایمانی شاملو استادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنراسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0003-2408-4467 محمدرضا عزتی مهر کارشناسی ارشد طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنراسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-7929-6865 Journal Article 2022 10 13 <strong>Introduction</strong> Since the late 50s, the construction of megamalls has become popular in cities. Megamalls in different cities respond to the material and social needs of citizens, and in addition to meeting the needs of citizens, they also affect the area around them and cause changes in the price of land, the pattern of activities, and uses. The intensity of these effects can be different in different parts of the city according to their characteristics. In recent years, in the metropolis of Tabriz, various steps have been made in different parts of the city. For this purpose, in the present research, to investigate the aforementioned issue, three megamalls in different parts of Tabriz city have been selected and their effects have been measured. Therefore, the main question of the research is "how do the megamalls of Tabriz city affect their surroundings?" To answer the main question of the research, first, by using the techniques of a linear trend, Moran and Kriging, different parts of Tabriz city were categorized in terms of land price (valuable, relatively valuable, relatively low valuable, and low valuable). Then the location of each of the megaprojects is determined on the Moran and Kriging maps. Finally, to assess the effects of each of the samples on their surrounding area we applied the residential land price variable, control-intervention techniques, and trend analysis. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong> This research is quantitative and has a comparative-hypothetical approach. Megamalls have a significant impact on the spatial evolution of the surrounding area. In this research, the land price variable has been used to measure the effect of these properties on the surrounding area in different spatial value areas. According to the general trend of the research, first by using the techniques of linear trend analysis, Moran and Kriging in GIS software, the change in the trend of land prices in the city of Tabriz and the classification of different parts of Tabriz in terms of spatial value (valuable, relatively valuable, relatively low value and low value) were identified. In the second part of the article, the location of each of the goods was precisely determined on the Kriging and Moran maps. Moreover, to assess the effects of each of the samples on their surrounding area regarding the variable price of residential land during the years 2004 to 2021, control intervention and trend analysis techniques were applied. <strong>Findings</strong> According to the analysis, the price of land in the east of Tabriz city has the highest value and, it has the lowest value in the west and northwest. Further, according to the analysis of the linear trend of land prices for the intervention and control areas of megamalls, it was proved that the construction of three megamalls had a positive effect on the increase in land prices. However, the intensity of these effects was different in the surrounding areas as Laleh Park has made its surrounding lands relatively valuable and has an effective role in the price growth compared to Star Baran and Ipak Palace. On the other hand, Setareh Baran, which is built on more valuable land than Ipak Palace, has a greater impact on the value of its surrounding land than Ipak Palace. It should be noted that the slope of land value increase in the intervention areas is higher than in the control areas. <strong>Conclusion</strong> The main goal of the research was to investigate the effect of megamalls on their surrounding area. For this purpose, first, the price of land in Tabriz city was investigated from the years 2004 to 2021. Then, according to the techniques of a linear trend, Moran, and Kriging, price classification was analyzed in the city of Tabriz. According to the analysis, the price of land in the east of Tabriz city has the highest value and, in the west and northwest,  it has the lowest value. According to the analysis of the linear trend of land prices for the intervention and control areas of megamalls, it was proved that the construction of three megamalls had a positive effect on the increase in land prices, but the intensity of these effects was different on the surrounding areas so that Laleh Park on the lands It is made relatively valuable and has an effective role in the price growth of its range compared to Star Baran and Ipak Palace. On the other hand, Setareh Baran, which is built on more valuable land than Ipak Palace, has a greater impact on the value of its surrounding land than Ipak Palace. It should be noted that the slope of land value increase in the intervention areas is higher than in the control areas. As a result, it can be acknowledged that the megamalls built in the valuable parts of the city have a greater impact on their surrounding area than the megamalls built in the less valuable parts of the city.   از اواخر دهه 50 میلادی ساخت مگامال‌ها در شهرها رواج یافته‌است. مگامال‌ها در شهرهای مختلف پاسخگوی نیازهای مادی و اجتماعی شهروندان می‎باشند. مگامال‌ها علاوه بر تامین نیازهای شهروندان حوزه پیرامونشان را نیز تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهند و باعث ایجاد تغییرات در قیمت اراضی، الگوی فعالیت‌ها و کاربری‌ها می‌شوند. این اثرات می‌توانند در بخش‌های مختلف شهر با توجه به ویژگی‌های آن منطقه متفاوت باشند. به عنوان مثال ساخت مگامال‌ها در بخش‌های مختلف شهر می‌تواند باعث افزایش یا کاهش قیمت زمین شود. به همین منظور 3 مگامال در شهر تبریز که در بخش‌های مختلف شهر قرار گرفته‌اند مورد سنجش واقع شدند. سوال اصلی پژوهش عبارت است از «مگامال‌های شهر تبریز چگونه محدوده پیرامون خود را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهند؟». با توجه به سوال مطرح شده، روش پژوهش از نوع کمی بوده و دارای رویکرد قیاسی- فرضیه‌ای است. دراین پژوهش قیمت اراضی مسکونی به عنوان متغیر تحقیق مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‌است. با توجه به متغیر پژوهش روش گردآوری داده‌ها از نوع کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی می‌باشد. در پژوهش حاضر ابتدا روند تغییرات قیمت اراضی مسکونی شهر تبریز با استفاده از تکنیک‌های تحلیل روندخطی، موران و کریجینگ مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. سپس به کمک تکنیک‌های کنترل-مداخله و تحلیل روند خطی، اثرات اقتصادی هریک از نمونه‌ها بر روی محدوده پیرامونشان با توجه به متغیر پژوهش مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل شده حاکی از آن است که مگامال‌ها به لحاظ اقتصاد زمین برمحدوده پیرامونشان تاثیر مثبت دارند؛ و شدت تاثیر آنها در مناطق با ارزش شهری نسبت به مناطق کم ارزش بیشتر است. https://www.juep.net/article_163594_e89ed845e9280788078f7f510e585e93.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Strategies for Realizing the Vision of Smart Governance in Iranian Cities راهبردهای تحقق چشم انداز حکمروایی هوشمند در شهرهای ایران 114 131 163935 10.22034/uep.2022.366428.1293 FA مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‏ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران 0000-0003-3928-6299 هوشنگ مرادی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‏ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران 0000-0001-8073-1249 Journal Article 2022 10 22 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />Governance can be seen as an action, method, or system of administration in which the boundaries between organizations and the public and private sectors fade into each other's shadows. The essence of governance refers to the existence of interactive relationships between and within the government and non-government forces. Good urban governance is considered one of the four features of sustainable development and one of its tools, which has been mentioned in the development literature since the 1980s. Urban governance is a multilateral process between the official actors of the city administration on the one hand, as well as the activists of the civil arena as informal actors whose multifaceted interactions can lead to the compatibility of various interests among the actors. What is evident in this concept is the entry of civil society and the private sector into the process of planning and managing (urban) affairs. This is despite the fact that the government is a set of official and legal institutions with legal power. (Smart) cities need a proper governance system to connect all forces at work, enable knowledge transfer, and facilitate decision-making to maximize their socioeconomic and environmental performance. Therefore, we conclude that smart city governance is a style of management that is formed based on the intelligent participation of citizens through information and communication technologies. Smart city governance is a style of management that is formed based on the intelligent participation of citizens through information and communication technology. This new form of governance makes citizens from passive consumers of urban services to active actors who can comment on the kind of service they need. The purpose of this research is to provide macro and generalizable strategies for smart governance in Iranian cities.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The present research is descriptive-analytical and survey research. Also, in terms of purpose, it is fundamental. According to the nature of the subject and the investigated indicators, documentary research methods and field studies (questionnaires, interviews) have been used to collect information. The questions were collected based on the variables determined by a Likert scale with five options (completely disagree, disagree, have no opinion, agree, completely agree). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts related to the research and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of this research includes 170 city managers and university experts in the field of urban planning, which was selected using the purposeful sampling method (170 people). The necessary information was collected through a questionnaire and the output was modeled using the statistical model of Minitab software and structural equations (EQS). Finally, the proposed strategies were extracted in the form of the SOAR strategic model.<br /> <br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The results obtained from the analysis of information show that the highest realizability is in the case of indicators of human-social factors, decision-making and intelligent decision-making factors, and infrastructural management factors. In these indicators, the variables of citizens' knowledge and awareness, facilitation of citizens' intervention in the process of local development, and the foresight of urban projects with a specific strategic vision, all have the highest realizability with a statistical average of 1.3 and Friedman's ranking average of 24 and 18. Also, the lowest degree of realizability is related to the variables of project efficiency and effectiveness and citizen survey system and collective and working group belief, whose statistical average is 2.7 and 2.8, respectively, and their Friedman ranking average is 3. Also, the results of the t-test show that out of 24 variables, 10 variables have a critical situation and lack proper realization, and their t-test value is lower than the value of the test (i.e. 3). Moreover, the findings of the research show that the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable can be predicted up to 51% level and the significance between independent and dependent variables is up to 95% level and among the components related to smart urban governance, the components Organizational management with a beta coefficient of 363% and technological factors with a beta coefficient of 206% have the greatest influence on smart governance in Iranian cities. The results of this research show that the most critical executive strategy from the point of view of the stakeholders is the readiness of citizens to participate in planning, the support of citizens and managers for governance, adherence to laws in economic and commercial activities of the municipality, Citizens' commitment and passion for progress and urban development are their place of residence.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the analysis and investigations carried out about the feasibility and realization of smart urban governance in Iranian cities and based on the opinion of the elite, it is concluded that Iranian cities have strengths and opportunities in the field of smart governance. However, to reach the model of the management-participatory system based on governance with an emphasis on the smartness of the city, in this regard, using the opinions of the elites and the participation of all relevant officials and stakeholders is considered an unavoidable necessity. In this regard, factors such as Citizens' preparedness to participate in planning, support of citizens and managers for governance, commitment to rules in economic and commercial activities of the municipality, community-based management and decentralization of power institutions, and reducing the tenure of government institutions, commitment and citizens' enthusiasm for progress and urban development of their lives can be regarded. حکمروایی هوشمند شهری سبکی از مدیریت است که بر مبنای مشارکت هوشمند شهروندان از درگاه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات شکل می‌گیرد. این شکل جدید از حکمروایی، شهروندان را از مصرف‌کنندگان منفعل خدمات شهری به بازیگران فعال تبدیل می‌کند که می‌توانند درباره نوع خدماتی که به آن نیاز دارند اظهارنظر کنند. هدف این تحقیق ارائه راهبردهای کلان و قابل تعمیم برای حکمروایی هوشمند در شهرهای ایران است. نوع تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل 170 نفر از مدیران شهری و متخصصین دانشگاهی در حوزه برنامه‌ریزی شهری است که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند (170 نفر) انتخاب‌شده است. اطلاعات لازم از طریق پرسشنامه گردآوری و خروجی با استفاده از مدل آماری نرم‌افزار Minitab و معادلات ساختاری (EQS) مدلسازی شدند. در نهایت راهبردهای پیشنهادی در قالب مدل استراتژیک SOAR استخراج شدند. <br /><br />نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از تجزیه‌ و تحلیل اطلاعات نشان می‌دهد که در وضع موجود بیشترین امکان تحقق‌پذیری مربوط به شاخص‌های اجتماعی – شهروندی و تصمیم سازی هوشمند است؛ همچنین یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر این است که میزان اثرگذاری متغیرهای مستقل بر روی متغیر وابسته تا سطح 51 درصدی قابل پیش‌بینی می‌باشد و معنی‌داری بین متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته تا سطح 95 درصدی معناداری را نشان داده و در بین مؤلفه‌های مربوط به حکمروایی هوشمند شهری، مؤلفه‌های مدیریتی سازمانی با ضریب بتا 363 درصدی و عوامل فناوری با ضریب بتا 206 درصدی دارای بیشترین تأثیرگذاری بر حکمروایی هوشمند در شهرهای ایران می باشد. https://www.juep.net/article_163935_ba93d44f4d8859fd78b3493d714d3609.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Analysis of the Effective Drivers on the Distribution of Urban Green Spaces Based on the Approach of Environmental Justice with Future Study Approach (Case Study: Isfahan City) تحلیل پیشران‌های اثرگذار بر پراکنش فضاهای سبز شهری با تکیه‌بر رهیافت عدالت محیط زیستی با رویکرد آینده پژوهی (مطالعه موردی: شهر اصفهان) 132 147 164402 10.22034/uep.2023.377717.1314 FA علی اکبر عنابستانی استاد، جغرافیای انسانی و آمایش، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران فاطمه سادات موسوی نقلی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 12 21 <strong>Introduction</strong> Today, the concept of cities cannot be assessed without effective green space in its various forms. As centers of human activity and life, cities have no choice but to accept the structure and function affected by natural systems to regulate their sustainability. In the meantime, urban green spaces as a necessary and integral part of the single body of cities have a fundamental role in their metabolism, and their lack can cause serious disturbances in the life of cities. Isfahan city is one of the most important cities in tourism in the country and has been known as the city garden for a long time and is one of the most prominent and beautiful cities in Iran. On the other hand, due to the existence of Zayandehroud (flowing from west to east of Isfahan) and its branches, the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in different regions seems to differ significantly. Therefore, in the current research, we try to analyze the key factors and the main driving forces affecting the distribution of urban green spaces in Isfahan. Then its main elements and factors are presented by designing possible scenarios in the future, the path to achieving environmental justice with a future research approach.  Therefore, the main question of the research is: What are the key drivers affecting the distribution of urban green spaces in Isfahan based on the approach to environmental justice in the future (Horizon 1410)? <strong>Materials and Methods</strong> In this study, the research method is applied in terms of the goal and in terms of the way of doing the research. It is a mixture of descriptive-analytical and the explanation of the structure. This is applied as a future research approach and, based on this, we have investigated the most important factors affecting the distribution of urban green spaces with the approach to environmental justice in the city of Isfahan. Information was collected by document method (library resources, scientific journals) and field method (using a questionnaire tool). In this research, the statistical population consists of 28 experts comprising of city managers (mayors, deputy mayors, heads of organizations, and managers of urban areas), members of the city's Islamic Council, experts in the field of civil engineering in the governorate and city affairs office and governorate councils of Isfahan, professors of Isfahan universities, Isfahan Industrial and Isfahan Arts and other universities of this city along with the professors of Shahid Beheshti University and specialists of the urban area. In this research, structured interviews with a number of experts in the fields of planning and urban environment were carried out using the Delphi method to identify the key factors, and then by combining the factors obtained from the interviews and the studied documents in the background of the validity and reliability research of the variables by experts. It was confirmed and finally; the factors were evaluated in the form of a prospective research questionnaire. <strong>Findings</strong> Using field and library studies, the most important influencing factors on the distribution of urban green spaces were identified with an emphasis on environmental justice in Isfahan city, and further, using the quantitative method of future research and the use of Micmac software, the degree of influence or effectiveness of the identified factors was determined. Therefore, the research findings show that among the 20 key factors affecting the distribution of urban green spaces with an emphasis on environmental justice, after examining the indicators and extracting the key influencing factors (direct and indirect), 6 key drivers are "the use of emerging and environmentally compatible technologies". "Emphasis on the use of clean fuels in urban areas", "Attention to the economic status of the strata living in cities", "Using regulations and policies in environmental planning by NGOs in Isfahan city", "Investment in environmental infrastructure areas in cities" and "access to suitable fuel energies in cities" that have had the greatest effect on the distribution of urban green spaces with an emphasis on environmental justice in Isfahan city. <strong>Conclusion</strong> In a summary of the results of the research, it can be mentioned that attention to the use of emerging technologies in the field of environment and investment in this field can have significant effects on the distribution of urban green spaces and proper access to them by citizens based on the approach of environmental justice in the short term planning horizon of ten years. Moreover, paying attention to the economic structure of the citizens and their financial resources can provide a suitable platform for the distribution of urban green spaces in Isfahan. Currently, the neighborhoods, districts, and urban areas in Isfahan have a better situation in terms of access to urban green spaces and are benefited. On the other hand, less benefited areas are facing deprivation in social and economic fields. In addition, they are facing deprivation of access to urban green spaces. In addition, paying attention to the rules and regulations for the location of urban green spaces, relying on the approach of environmental justice, and involving more non-governmental organizations in the field of provision and optimal access of citizens to green space, is necessary. In the end, the opinion of elite urban experts in the planning horizon of the next ten years in the field of main and key drivers affecting the distribution of urban green spaces can provide a suitable guide map for managers and urban decision-makers in Isfahan. شهرها به‌عنوان کانون‌های تمرکز فعالیت و زندگی انسان‌ها برای اینکه بتوانند پایداری خود را تنظیم کنند، چاره‌ای جز پذیرش ساختار و کارکردی متأثر از سیستم‌های طبیعی ندارند. در این میان فضاهای سبز شهری به‌عنوان جزء ضروری و لاینفک پیکره یگانه شهرها در متابولیسم آن‌ها نقش اساسی را دارا می‌باشد که کمبود آن‌ها می‌توانند اختلالات جدی در حیات شهرها به وجود آورد. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبیین پیشران‌های تأثیرگذار بر پراکنش فضای سبز شهر اصفهان با تکیه‌بر رهیافت عدالت محیط زیستی است. روش تحقیق به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و ازنظر روش‌شناسی توصیفی_تحلیلی است به‌نحوی‌که ابتدا با روش دلفی عوامل شناسایی پس از اعتبار بخش آن توسط کارشناسان در قالب پرسشنامه میک‌مک مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفته است و برای این کار از روش‌های اقتصادسنجی در تطبیق داده‌ها با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی توسط خبرگان و کارشناسان شهری کمک گرفته است. یافته‌های تحقیق حاضر مشخص کرد که از بین عوامل 20 گانه، استفاده از فناوری‌های نوظهور و سازگاربامحیط‌زیست، تأکید بر رواج استفاده از سوخت‌های پاک در فضاهای شهری، توجه به وضعیت اقتصادی اقشار ساکن در شهرها، استفاده از مقررات و سیاست‌گذاری‌ها در برنامه‌ریزی محیط‌زیستی توسط سمن‌ها، سرمایه‌گذاری در حوزه‌های زیرساختی محیط‌زیستی در شهرها و دسترسی به انرژی‌های سوختی مناسب در شهرها پیشران‌های کلیدی اثرگذار بر پراکنش فضاهای سبز شهری در اصفهان با رویکرد عدالت محیط زیستی محسوب می‌گردند. بنابراین، انتظار می‌رود با بهره‌گیری از پیشران‌های یادشده شهر اصفهان بتواند به آستانه‌ای مناسب از عدالت محیط زیستی برای شهروندان در دسترسی به فضاهای سبز شهری دست یابد. https://www.juep.net/article_164402_e5849f79e2f55fbdcc6da55dab855e2d.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Investigating the Effect of the Role of Actors in Placemaking and Shaping Place Attachment (Case Study: Islamshahr) بررسی تأثیر نقش کنشگران تولید مکان در شکلگیری مفهوم حس دلبستگی مکانی (مورد پژوهی: اسلامشهر) 148 163 163739 10.22034/uep.2022.368707.1300 FA زینب عادلی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین، قزوین، ایران 0000-0002-1806-1739 سمیرا روشنایی ;کارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی محمدرضا یزدان پناه شاه آبادی گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران 0000-0003-3152-9663 Journal Article 2022 11 06 <strong> Introductoin</strong><br />Rapid population growth and the subsequent urbanization process require the expansion of cities. In this regard, the spatial expansion patterns of cities have been formed in different ways. Some of these developments are based on the official policy and planning system and some are unplanned because of the growth of rural cores. Some of them result from suburban growth or the rapid growth of small towns around big cities. The supreme goal in these development patterns is the formation of a mutual relationship between man and man-made space, the formation of meaning in space, and turning it into a place. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on places and the way to interact with them. These researches seek to understand and explain the mutual relationship between people and places. Place attachment, as a multi-dimensional and interdisciplinary concept that seeks to examine the emotional bond between a person and a place, is one of the important axes of these studies. Different patterns of place formation have been the result of different actors and their diverse forms of action. These actors can be identified and investigated in different layers of power in the city, and this will lead to different results in the production of place. The main problem of this research is to investigate the way the actions of the actors in the place's formation affect the sense of place attachment. Based on this, the main question of this research is: "How does the interaction of actors in the production of a settlement affect the level of sense of place attachment and the formation of place?"<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />In this article, using the qualitative-quantitative method, the level of place attachment (as the main indicator in the formation of the place) in the neighborhoods of Eslamshahr city, whose formation was the result of the role-playing of various actors, has been investigated. The level of actors' role in the production of space was determined by examining written documents; including books and documents related to Eslamshahr, such as comprehensive and detailed plans, and interviewing city managers, experts, and informants to explore oral memory; for knowing the hidden dimensions of the formation of the investigated neighborhoods, and converting this information into a map. Therefore, the approach of this part of the research is qualitative. In this process, an interview was arranged according to the goals and needs, using the snowball technique. Based on this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 people. This number of interviews was conducted based on theoretical persuasion.<br />After examining the role of actors and their level of participation in the production of neighborhoods, three types of neighborhoods were identified. Neighborhoods with the origin of official action - planning system, neighborhoods with the origin of non-official action - people-based, and neighborhoods with the origin of a combination of activists (dominance with a specific actor is not seen). Based on the role of the activists, the neighborhoods of the city were categorized, and finally, six neighborhoods of Allahu Akbar, Zia Abad (representing neighborhoods with non-official-people origins), Bagh Faiz, Qasim Abad (representing neighborhoods with mixed origins), Vavan and Qamiyeh (as representative of the localities with the official origin-planning system) were selected to check the hypotheses of the research. Since this research examines the existence of a meaningful relationship between the variable of place attachment and the role and level of participation of actors in the production of target neighborhoods (the quantitative part of the research), the research is an applied type based on the Kruskal Wallis Test. The analysis was done by SPSS software. A questionnaire was used to collect the required information about the residents' sense of place attachment. The statistical population of this research is all the residents of the selected neighborhoods of Eslamshahr city. The sample size for each category of neighborhoods was calculated using Cochran's formula and distributed based on the population ratio of each neighborhood in the respective category.The questionnaire was prepared in the form of a five-point Likert scale and was given to 12 experts to check its content validity. Their correction suggestions were applied to the questionnaire and then the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated. The CVI index was higher than 0.79 for all questions, which indicates acceptable content validity of the questionnaire. To check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, which was more than 0.7 for all the criteria, and indicated an acceptable level of reliability of the questionnaire. Then, through the Kruskal-Wallis test, the significance level of the difference in the mean dimensions of place attachment was estimated in the three categories of neighborhoods mentioned above.<br /><strong>Findings </strong><br />After examining and quantifying the role of actors in the formation of each neighborhood, the place attachment indicators were examined under four categories of individual, perceptual, cognitive, social, and physical criteria. The general situation of the measures of sense of place attachment in neighborhoods with the origin of a combination of activists is noticeably higher than the neighborhoods with purely official or non-official origins. The individual measure of sense of place attachment, which includes two indicators of the duration of residence and type of ownership, has a proper and similar situation in two types of neighborhoods with mixed origins and neighborhoods with non-official origins. While in other neighborhoods, the individual indicator shows less than the average of 3. This can indicate the higher willingness of the residents to continue living in such neighborhoods.The perceptual, and cognitive criterion of neighborhoods with mixed origin has a proper status, with an average of 3.45. While the non-official origin neighborhoods (2.75) and official origin neighborhoods (2.40) have a poor situation. This is about the Lack of elements of identity and a sense of belonging due to non-participation in the construction process in neighborhoods with official origin. Some social indicators in this research include neighborhood bonds, network, and social bonds, civic participation, and formative trust in a concept called social capital. This index is usually high due to the existence of close social ties between residents of neighborhoods with non-official origins. However, the organizational trust index (trust in the municipality, government organizations, and schools) does not have a proper situation in this type of settlement. On the other hand, this index has a proper situation in settlements with mixed origins. This index does not have a good status in neighborhoods with the official origin and the level of all sub-indices, including neighborhood ties, civic participation, network, and social ties, as well as trust (public and organizational) is low in these types of neighborhoods. Physical criteria in mixed-origin neighborhoods have a good status (3.55). Also, in the localities with official origins, due to the formation based on the previous plan, the amount of service per capita is approximately standard and provides a relative level of satisfaction. Of course, the physical and functional diversity in neighborhoods with mixed origins causes higher satisfaction in these neighborhoods than in standard neighborhoods of official origin. Due to the pressure of providing housing in non-official settlements and the lack of appropriateness of services to the population, the physical condition of this settlement is poor. Considering the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test (and the significance level of the test (Sig=0.000), the hypothesis of the harmony of the sense of place attachment index in the sample community is rejected, and as a result, the significance of the difference in the sense of place attachment index in different categories of neighborhoods is proven in terms of the origin of formation.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />The results of this research show that there is a significant relationship between place actors and the sense of place attachment. This index is the highest in neighborhoods with mixed origins and the lowest in neighborhoods with official origins. What can be considered a practical result of this research is the effect of the processes followed in the construction of space (procedural dimension) on the final product (content dimension) i.e. the construction of place. The formation of the physical and functional shell alone cannot lead to the transformation of space into place. Moreover, the relative level of services in pre-planned neighborhoods, these neighborhoods have less sense of place attachment than other neighborhoods. Perhaps for this reason, it has become difficult and far-fetched to transform newly built urban spaces such as new cities into lively places where its residents feel a sense of belonging. Therefore, the most important solution to overcome this problem can be to change the existing procedures of planning, designing, and building the space and replace them with collaborative, multifaceted procedures with the presence of different actors. The urban planning system should be able to provide the necessary platform for the participation of various official and non-official actors as well as the free market. Regardless of the objective result of this participation, this process itself will shape the sense of place attachment and cause the space to become a place. سیاست‌های متفاوت توسعه شهری منجر به نقش کنشگران مختلف در شکل‌دهی به مکان می‌شود و این امر نتایج متفاوتی در تولید مکان در پی خواهد‌داشت. درک این تفاوت و تاثیر آن بر محصول نهایی (شکل‌گیری مکان و از آن رهگذر حس دلبستگی مکانی میان ساکنین) هدف این پژوهش است. بر‌این‌اساس در این مقاله با بهره گیری از روش ترکیبی کیفی- کمی به بررسی میزان حس دلبستگی مکان (به عنوان شاخص اصلی در شکل‌گیری مکان) در محلات شهر اسلامشهر با خاستگاه‌های مختلف شکلگیری حاصل از نقش متفاوت کنشگران، پرداخته شده‌است. روش گردآوری داده‌ها در بخش بررسی میزان دلبستگی مکانی، پیمایش با استفاده از پرسشنامه و در بخش بررسی میزان نقش کنشگران، تحلیل اسناد و مصاحبه عمیق با مطلعین بوده است (رویکرد کیفی پژوهش). روش تحلیل داده‌ها بر مبنای بررسی معناداری اختلاف میانگین شاخص حس دلبستگی مکانی بین محلات دسته‌بندی شده در سه گونه مشارکت کنشگران است (رویکرد کمی پژوهش). این سه دسته عبارتند از: "ساخت به‌وسیله کنشگران با خاستگاه غیررسمی (مردم)"، "ساخت به‌وسیله کنشگران با خاستگاه رسمی (دولت)" و "ساخت به‌وسیله کنشگران با خاستگاه ترکیبی از کنشگران". نتایج نشان می‌دهد در محیط‌های شکل‌گرفته تحت تأثیر ترکیبی از کنشگران، حس دلبستگی مکانی بالاتر از محیط‌های شکل‌گرفته تحت تأثیر تنها کنشگران رسمی (دولت) یا غیررسمی (جامعه محلی) است. به‌عبارت‌دیگر می‌توان چنین نتیجه گرفت، کنش متقابل میان کنشگران و تأمین شدن منافع کلیه گروه‌های ذی‌مدخل می‌تواند منجر به تبدیل فضا به مکانی دارای معنا برای ساکنین و از این رهگذر ارتقای حس دلبستگی مکانی آنان شود. https://www.juep.net/article_163739_17d8fe6efed0a122bc67e73ea833be22.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Fiscal Sustainability in Tehran municipality: Current Situation and Suggested Reforms پایداری مالی در شهرداری تهران : وضعیت فعلی، الزامات، راهبردهای اصلاحی 164 183 163302 10.22034/uep.2022.367278.1295 FA خلیل احمدی کارشناش اقتصادی شرکت بورس کالای ایران، تهران، ایران. نیلوفر دمنه دانشجوی دکترای علوم اقتصادی، دانشکدۀ مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران مهسا جهاندیده استادیار دانشکدۀ مدیریت، علم و فناوری، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر، تهران، ایران یاسر ملایی پژوهشگر ارشد مؤسسه عالی آموزش و پژوهش مدیریت و برنامه ریزی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 25 <strong>Introduction:</strong><br />In recent years, the concerns about the fiscal stability of the Tehran municipality have increased. Construction fees, as the main source of municipalities’ revenue, are volatile and unpredictable. During recession periods, the reduction in construction fees enhances the municipality’s budget deficit, and consequently, the municipality issues debt to cover the deficit. An enhanced budget deficit and an increased debt level lead to unsustainable fiscal conditions. In Tehran, recent housing market recessions and covid pandemic have reduced the municipality’s revenues and forced it to borrow money from the banking system. This paper explores the status of the fiscal stability of Tehran municipality in the period 1400-1405.<br /><strong>Materials and methods</strong><br />In this paper, we use two different approaches, debt to GDP and debt to asset ratios, to forecast the level of municipal debt and investigate the status of the fiscal stability of Tehran municipality. The balance sheet of Tehran municipality (available until 1397) is used to compute the debt-to-asset ratio. We also used the reported debt and GDP level of the municipality of Tehran to calculate the debt-to-GDP ratio of the year 1399 in our analysis. In the next step, we employed fiscal programming and policies framework (FPP) to forecast the revenue and expenses of Tehran municipality. Consequently, the budget deficit of Tehran is forecasted in the period 1400-1405.<br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />According to our findings, Tehran municipality was in an unstable fiscal condition in 1399. The debt to asset ratio was more than 67% in 1397, and the debt to GDP ratio was 16% in 1399. The desired target rate for these two ratios was 50% and 9.9%, respectively. Based on our forecast, the municipality is expected to face a high budget deficit. The municipality will be forced to borrow from the banking system to cover the deficit. Furthermore, It may be unable to settle the previously issued debt. Accordingly, the Tehran municipality debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to reach 25% by the end of 1405.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong><br />In this paper, we aimed to assess the fiscal stability of the Tehran municipality and suggest a series of reforms to enable the municipality to achieve fiscal stability. The debt to GDP ratio of 16% and the debt to asset ratio of 67% in 1399 demonstrates that the municipality is fiscally unstable. Although the target rate of the debt to GDP ratio is 9.9% in 1405, our forecast shows that the ratio will approach 25 percent by then. Accordingly, the fiscal status of the Tehran municipality will remain significantly unstable in 1405.<br />The required reforms to achieve fiscal stability should be implemented in two dimensions. First, policy reforms are needed to reduce expenses and increase revenues. To prevent the financial crisis, in the medium term, the GDP of Tehran should experience an average increase of 1.54% each year. Second, Institutional reforms are necessary to increase the transparency of budget spending and enhance the efficiency of the reporting process. In this regard, implementing budget classification and coding reforms and fully applying accrual accounting are among the necessary reforms. میزان بالای بدهی‌های شهرداری تهران و کاهش درآمدهای عوارض ساختمانی که سهم بالایی را در منابع درآمدی شهرداری دارند؛ در سال‌های اخیر، باعث افزایش نگرانی در مورد پایداری مالی شهرداری تهران شده است. در این راستا مطالعه حاضر به بررسی وضعیت پایداری مالی شهرداری تهران می‌پردازد. در این مطالعه، پیش‌بینی وضعیت پایداری مالی و بدهی شهرداری در طی دوره زمانی 1400-1405 انجام شده است که با استفاده از دو روش نسبت بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی و نسبت بدهی به دارایی وضعیت پایداری مالی در شهرداری تهران ارزیابی شده است. محاسبه این دو نسبت در سال 1399 بیانگر آنست که شهرداری تهران با نسبت 16 درصدی بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی شهر تهران و همچنین نسبت 67 درصدی بدهی به دارایی در وضعیت ناپایداری قرار دارد. همچنین پیش‌بینی‌ انجام شده در این مطالعه حاکی از آن است که وضعیت مالی شهرداری تهران در افق 1405 بشدت ناپایدار است. در حالیکه نسبت بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی هدف برابر 9.9 درصد است و پیش‌بینی می‌شود میزان نسبت بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی شهر تهران در سال 1405به 25 درصد برسد. برای جلوگیری از ایجاد این بحران در شهرداری تهران لازم است به طور متوسط سالانه معادل 1.54 درصد تولید ناخالص داخلی شهر تهران فضای مالی جدید با کاهش هزینه‌ها یا افزایش درآمد‌ها ایجاد شود. در این مطالعه، برای خروج از این مسیر و دستیابی به پایداری مالی، برخی اصلاحات در مجموعه سیاست‌ها و سازوکارهای اجرای مدیریت مالیه شهرداری پیشنهاد می‌شود. https://www.juep.net/article_163302_53389dbaa6cc158b2356f8f13828aba7.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Evaluation of the Modified Huff Model in Identifying the Catchment Area of Chain Stores in Small Cities (Case Study: Bueinzahra City, Qazvin) ارزیابی مدل هاف اصلاح شده در شناسایی حوزه جذب فروشگاه های زنجیره ای شهرهای کوچک (نمونه موردی: شهر بوئین زهرای قزوین) 182 193 164418 10.22034/uep.2023.370484.1307 FA اکبر محمدی استادیار، گروه معماری و شهرسازی،مرکز آموزش عالی فنی و مهندسی بویین زهرا، بویین زهرا، قزوین، ایران Journal Article 2022 11 16 <strong>Introduction</strong> Gravity models are models that investigate the catchment areas of commercial activities and other activities at an urban and regional level. The Huff model is one of the prominent models in this field, which calculates the probability of customer attraction for existing commercial locations and the catchment areas of commercial locations. In Huff's original model to calculate the catchment area of cities’ commercial places, two factors of distance and size of the commercial place are used as influencing factors. The travel time index or the distance between business locations and customers was used for the distance factor, and the size of the business location, the area index was used. During the different years, this model was used in studies modified and adjusted by different researchers. Using network distance instead of Euclidean distance and calculating the attraction power of commercial places or other studied places are among these modifications. In all the research conducted in this field, despite the modifications made in Huff's model, no evaluation was done on the output and results of this model. In this research, the main goal is to provide a method to evaluate the results and outputs of the modified Huff model. The secondary goal of this research is to investigate the spatial distribution of stores and their catchment areas from the point of view of urban planning and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing pattern. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong> The methods used in this research are theoretical and subjective. In the theoretical method, after studying the sources (related books and articles), the theoretical foundations and structure of this model were built. In the next step, a map of chain store catchment areas in Buein Zahra city was determined based on Huff's theoretical model and using spatial analysis and network analysis tools in Arc GIS software. The indicators used to measure the attractiveness of the stores (shopping center size) include the size of the store, the number of employees, the variety of products, and the presence of marginal parking around the store. In the next stage, using the questionnaires completed by the residents of the city, their priority of visiting chain stores in the city was questioned. In this stage, the sample was determined using the Morgan method and random spatial sampling, and about 430 residential units were selected as samples. After determining the priority of residents to visit chain stores, the actual catchment area of these stores draws on the map of Buein Zahra city. Finally, two methods were used for evaluation. In the first method, overlaying theoretical and actual map layers, then average, maximum, and minimum indices are extracted based on the theatrical catchment area pixel values in order to determine the degree of correspondence between the actual and theoretical store catchment areas. In the second method, the evaluation was done using the Kappa agreement index. <strong>Findings</strong> In Buein Zahra city, nine chain stores exist that are not uniformly distributed and most of them are concentrated in the central area of the city (Imam, Taleghani, and Valiasr streets). In the first stage, using the modified model of Huff, the chain store catchment area was determined. Generated maps show the probability of residents visiting chain stores. These probabilities varied based on the distance between the store and the attractiveness index. To create a final map of the theoretical catchment area based on the highest probability of residents visiting the stores, the probability maps produced for the stores overlaying and draw break lines. With this method, a map of the areas with the highest probability of visiting each store create. Some spaces of the city are placed in the catchment area of two or more stores according to their location about the stores, according to the equal probability of visiting the stores. In the second stage, the actual catchment area of chain stores was produced based on the questionnaires completed by 430 sample households. Findings of this stage show the city area divided into areas where in each area the majority of households have chosen a store as their priority. Based on the findings of this stage, nine catchment areas were identified for chain stores. To evaluate the modified Huff model used in this research, two methods were used: in the first method, the layers of the actual and the theoretical chain store catchment areas overlaid in the ArcGIS software, and using spatial analysis functions, the average, and minimum and maximum values of the pixels were extracted separately. Based on the findings obtained from this stage, the actual and theoretical chain store catchment areas in Buein Zahra city are compatible, although the degree of compatibility is higher for some stores and less for some of them. The highest degree of compatibility and coordination is dedicated to store number 8 (Korush, branch 1). The second method to evaluate the results is to calculate Cohen's kappa coefficient. To calculate this coefficient, the map of the sample points that used to calculate the actual catchment area (the location of 430 sample households) and the final map of the theoretical absorption area overlaid in ArcGIS software and then calculate Cohen's kappa coefficient. Examining the level of agreement using the calculated Cohen's kappa coefficient shows that the accuracy level in the absorption areas of all stores is above 90%, and this indicates the excellent accuracy of the Huff model in determining the catchment area and its proper matching with the actual catchment area. <strong>Conclusion</strong> In this research, the main goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of the modified Huff model for identifying the chain store catchment areas in small cities. The results of this research are expressed in two parts: the first part, which is based on the main objective of the article, i.e. the evaluation of the modified Huff model, shows that this model is superior in identifying the locations of chain stores in small cities. Results from methods for evaluating the modified huff model (statistical indicators, as well as Cohen's Kappa coefficient); show that the model outputs are close to the pattern of residents' visits to stores in the city. The second part of the results presented is in line with the secondary goal of the research, which is to investigate the distribution of stores and the formation of their catchment areas in the city of Buein Zahra. The research findings indicate the formation of asymmetric catchment areas with different areas in parts of the city. In the central part of the city, the catchment area is smaller, and with the distance from the city center, the catchment area becomes larger. حوزه جذب یکی از مباحث مهم در برنامه ریزی و اقتصاد شهری است، مدل هاف یکی از مدلهای گرانشی است که در این زمینه کاربرد زیادی داشته و از دهه 60 میلادی تاکنون در مطالعات زیادی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق هدف اصلی بررسی اعتبار این مدل در شناسایی حوزه جذب فروشگاه های زنجیره ای در شهر بوئین زهرای قزوین می باشد. پس از شناسایی موقعیت فروشگاه های زنجیره ای شهر بوئین زهرا با استفاده از مدل هاف اصلاح شده اقدام به تهیه نقشه های حوزه جذب تئوریک آنها گردید و سپس با ادغام این حوزه ها و تحلیل خطوط شکست نقشه نهایی حوزه جذب تئوریک استخراج شد. در مرحله نیز با استفاده از داده های پرسشنامه ای نقشه حوزه جذب واقعی فروشگاه ها بر اساس تعیین اولویتی که توسط خانوارهای ساکن در 430 واحد مسکونی نمونه اظهار شده بود، تهیه گردید. در نهایت، میزان اعتبار مدل هاف اصلاح شده با استفاده از دو روش رویهم گذاری و استخراج شاخص های آماری و محاسبه ضریب کاپای کوهن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج داده های تحقیق نشانگر اعتبار بالای مدل هاف در مشخص نمودن حوزه جذب فروشگاه های زنجیره ای می باشد. همچنین تحلیل حوزه های جذب فروشگاه ها نشانگر توزیع نامتوازن فضایی آنها در سطح شهر بویین زهرا است. https://www.juep.net/article_164418_6d68b90ff6dc9b9643087f852113bfd2.pdf

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری 2821-2118 3 4 2022 11 22 Identifying The Risks of Large-Scale Urban Construction Projects And Prioritizing Them (Case Study: Shohada Square Plan of Mashhad) شناسایی ریسک های پروژه های عمرانی بزرگ مقیاس شهری و اولویت بندی آنها (نمونه موردی: طرح بزرگ میدان شهدای مشهد) 194 211 163937 10.22034/uep.2022.365699.1291 FA حمید رمضان پور کارشناس ارشد مدیرت امور شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران 0000-0003-4742-0267 محمد رحیم رهنما استاد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد 0000-0002-4851-6327 امید علی خوارزمی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-4337-8594 Journal Article 2022 10 14 <strong>Introduction</strong> Since the municipality is responsible for providing urban infrastructure and services, following the increase in population and the expansion of cities, the need to invest in construction projects in the municipality becomes important. Therefore, a huge part of the municipality's budget - which is the main custodian of civil works in the city - is allocated to provide capital for large-scale urban projects and infrastructure projects. Construction projects, as one of the key tools in the development of societies, have always faced risks. Comprehensive project management is the main way to prevent and deal with these risks, and risk management is one of the most important processes and basic challenges in project management. In line with the correct management of large-scale urban construction projects and their realizability, the risks of these projects should be examined at three levels: internal project environment, inter-organizational coordination, and external environment. Among the most important urban construction projects of Mashhad in recent years, the Shohada Square project with an area of 33 hectares, 1 km away from Imam Reza Holy Shrine, can be mentioned, which has been studied in this research to identify and prioritize risks of large-scale urban construction projects. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong> The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and it is descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. In order to collect information in this research, library study and field research methods have been used, and after collecting data, in order to analyze and prioritize them and obtain information, comparative models and SPSS software have been used. The statistical population of the research consists of the current and former senior managers of Mashhad urban projects, the current and former managers and deputies of the municipality, and managers responsible and related to the Shohada Square plan from the beginning of the initial stages of the project until today, as well as company managers of consultants and contractors related to Shohada Square projects, which 51 of them were selected using Morgan's table. In addition, to estimate the probability of occurrence and impact of risks on the project goals, a questionnaire based on the opinions of experts (10 people) and the background study of the research have been prepared and distributed among them. <strong>Findings</strong> The findings of this research show that despite the complexities, numerous, and diverse considerations in the internal, external, and inter-organizational environments of large-scale urban projects, the significance, and importance of such projects in urban management, and the extensive damages that delay creates disorder in project implementation for the city, still the comprehensive and integrated management of the risks of these projects is not among the priorities of the planners and executives, and structured management the way to identify, prevent and face the possible risks of the projects is not utilized by the executive management of the Shohada square plan and Mashhad Municipality. Also, the results of the research show that the source of most of the risks of the project is the employer (Mashhad Municipality) and if the deficiencies are resolved by the employer, we can expect a better performance in the implementation of the project and the achievement of the project's goals. In addition, by observing the results of the research, we find that in the internal environment of the project, the highest probability of risk occurrence belongs to the category of "management risks" and the highest amount of impact belongs to the category of "financial risks". In the inter-organizational environment, the most likely occurrence and impact of risks simultaneously belonged to "multidisciplinary nature" risks. Finally, in the external environment of the project, the "social risks" category has the highest probability of occurrence and the "economic risks" category has the highest impact on the project's goals. <strong>Conclusion</strong> Today, with the intensification of the development of cities and the globalization of projects, it is vital to use standards to coordinate the people involved in the project and ensure its correct implementation. The development of cities has caused an increase in the volume of construction projects, and the needs of businesses and people's lives in metropolises and the efforts of city managers to satisfy the citizens have caused the emergence of the concept of large-scale urban construction projects with their own special aspects and characteristics. The challenges that have arisen in the management and implementation of large-scale projects and their direct and indirect effects on the lives of citizens made managers emphasize and pay more attention to the identification and management of anticipated risks in the course of project implementation. As mentioned in this research, project risk management is the most difficult part of the project management process and includes all the activities to identify and control project risks in order to reach the goals and priorities. To this end, in order to identify and prioritize the risks of large-scale urban construction projects, the Shohada Square plan of Mashhad was studied in this research. In general, the fundamental difference between this research and previous studies can be mentioned in three categories: 1- In the way of dealing with the risk problem and considering the problem in three levels and environment (internal, external, and inter-organizational) and comparing these three levels with each other; 2- Data analysis method 3- Comprehensiveness of research subjects and investigation of a wide range of risks. In this regard, 90 possible risks in construction projects were identified and defined in 18 general categories and in 3 environments, and based on the two criteria of the probability of occurrence and impact on the goals and outcomes, they were measured in the form of risk amount. Based on the results obtained, according to the investors and managers of the Shohada Square project, the issue of "inflation and increase in construction costs during the project stages" has the highest risk, followed by the risks of "changes in the exchange rate of Rial and changes in construction costs" and "lack of correct estimation of project costs and lack of funds considered by the employer" are in the next ranks. Also, the item "Crime and delinquency in the project environment" has the lowest risk in the project. انجام پروژه‌های عمرانی بزرگ بدون شک توأم با ریسک‌های فراوان خواهد بود. در این پروژه‌ها اغلب ریسک‌ها نادیده گرفته می‌شوند یا به بخش‌هایی که دانش، منابع و ظرفیت کافی برای مدیریت موثر آنها را ندارد تخصیص داده می‌شوند که این مهم ضریب کیفیت انجام پروژه را کاهش داده و در برخی از موارد سبب تأخیر در دستیابی به اهداف پروژه می‌گردد. لذا شناسایی ریسک‌ها، رتبه‌بندی عوامل موثر بر آنها و همچنین بررسی شدت ریسک‌ها از ضرورت‌های اجرای هر پروژه عمرانی است. تحقیق حاضر به دنبال دستیابی به این هدف پروژه عمرانی میدان شهدا شهر مشهد را مورد بررسی قرار داده است. تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از روش پرسش‌نامه بهره گرفته است. حجم جامعه نمونه بر اساس جدول مورگان تعداد 51 کارشناس انتخاب گردید. نتایج بدست آمده از آزمون کای اسکوئر نشان می‌دهد که احتمال وقوع ریسک‌های بازار، مالی و مدیریتی در محیط پروژه، ریسک ماهیت چندرشته‌ای در میان ریسک‌های محیط بین سازمانی، و همچنین ریسک‌های سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی در محیط خارجی طرح میدان شهدای مشهد بالا می‌باشند. از سوی دیگر، میزان تاثیر بر اهداف ریسک‌های مالی در محیط پروژه، ماهیت چندرشته‌ای در محیط بین سازمانی، و بروز تورم در محیط خارجی طرح میدان شهدای مشهد بالاتر از سایر گویه‌ها رتبه‌بندی شد. همچنین بیشترین میزان شدت ریسک در محیط پروژه عدم برآورد صحیح هزینه‌ها، در محیط بین سازمانی تاخیر در اعطای تسهیلات، و در محیط خارجی نیز بروز تورم شناسایی شد. https://www.juep.net/article_163937_02a0a2130b2a6ef5f048ba0b4c7e45ff.pdf